Davis, J., dissenting:
In this case, the majority affirms
Jason H. (hereinafter “Jason”) juvenile delinquency because it found
him guilty of malicious assault. The majority affirms because Jason did not cite
to the circuit court the controlling authority from this Court concerning the
right to self-defense in one's home. The majority thus avoids reviewing the sufficiency
of the evidence to support Jason's conviction. Because I believe that Jason properly
presented his self-defense claim below, I think the majority should have reached
the question of whether the State proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt.
If it had reached the issue, it would have had to find that Jason's conviction
should be reversed.
The occupant of a dwelling is
not limited in using deadly force against an unlawful intruder to the situation
where the occupant is threatened with serious bodily injury or death, but he
may use deadly force if the unlawful intruder threatens imminent physical violence
or the commission of a felony and the occupant reasonably believes deadly force
is necessary.
Syl. pt. 2, State v. W.J.B., 166 W. Va. 602, 276 S.E.2d 550 (1981).
We further explained the justification for this special rule:
“'[T]here are strong reasons for recognizing the dwelling as a place of refuge in which the dweller may expect to be free from personal attack even of a nondangerous character, and the trend has been in the direction of holding that an unlawful entry of the dwelling for the purpose of an assault upon some person therein may be resisted by deadly force if this reasonably seems necessary for the purpose “although the circumstances may not be such as to justify a belief that there was actual peril of life or great bodily harm.'” R. Perkins, Criminal Law 1024 (1969).”
Id. at 609 n.6, 276 S.E.2d at 554 n.6. We also observed the “sound policy reasons” justifying this special rule. Id. at 611, 276 S.E.2d at 556. We first recognized the continuing “validity to the ancient English rule that a man's home is his castle, and he has the right to expect some privacy and security within its confines.” Id. at 612, 276 S.E.2d at 556. (See footnote 1) We further noted that this rule was premised on the protection that the home offers to “the basic unit of society - he family.” Id., 276 S.E.2d at 556. (See footnote 2) We also observed that the rule was grounded in common sense:
from the standpoint of the intruder the violent and unlawful entry into a dwelling with intent to injure the occupants or commit a felony carries a common sense conclusion that he may be met with deadly force, and that his culpability matches the risk of danger. We also recognize that there is often a certain vulnerability to the occupant of a dwelling who is forced to confront the unlawful intruder in the privacy of his home, without any expectation of a public response or help.
Id., 276 S.E.2d at 556.
The majority finds that this law is inapplicable because
[Jason] never raised the self-defense
standard concerning the occupant of a home or dwelling during any of the proceedings
below. There is no reference in the record to the W.J.B. case. Moreover,
there was no objection to the Circuit Court's reliance on State v. Baker.
The appellant raises this issue for the first time upon appeal to this Court.
The majority then concludes, “[c]onsequently, inasmuch as the issue
now asserted by [Jason] concerning self-defense was not raised below or made
part of the record before the Circuit Court, it is not properly before this
Court and is, accordingly, without merit.” It therefore does not address
whether there was sufficient evidence to convict Jason. I disagree and would
find that we should address the question of evidentiary sufficiency.
We I agree that “[t]o preserve an issue for appellate review, a party must articulate it with such sufficient distinctiveness to alert a circuit court to the nature of the claimed defect.” Syl. pt. 2, State ex rel. Cooper v. Caperton, 196 W. Va. 208, 470 S.E.2d 162 (1996). However,
“the 'raise or waive' rule, though important, is
a matter of discretion. Thus, like most rules, this rule admits of an occasional
exception. Exceptions must be few and far between and, therefore, an appellate
court's discretion should not be affirmatively exercised unless the equities
heavily preponderate in favor of such a step.”
State v. Salmons, 203 W. Va. 561, 571, 509 S.E.2d 842, 852 (1998)
(quoting State v. Miller, 197 W. Va. 588, 598, 476 S.E.2d 535, 545
(1996)). The importance the law attaches to self- defense in one's home and
the facts here heavily preponderate in favor of such a step.
Moreover, since Jason argued self-defense below, I am not convinced that he waived his right to sufficiency review by this Court under the correct legal standard. While he might not have cited W.J.B. below, it is undisputed that he raised the issue of self-defense below and our law (like that of other jurisdictions) supports the recognition that citing authority in support of a legal argument is not necessarily the same thing as raising legal arguments in the first instance, see Tracy v. Cottrell, 206 W. Va. 363, 371 n.4, 524 S.E.2d 879, 887 n.4 (1999) (“[T]his Court has never held that failing to produce legal authority for an objection at trial, in and of itself, constitutes waiver of the issue for appeal purposes.”), especially where the opposing party is on notice of the issue. See also Interactive Gift Exp., Inc. v. Compuserve, Inc., 256 F.3d 1323, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (party may advance additional or new supporting arguments based on the evidence of record to support its claim).
A case explaining this doctrine is United States v. Rapone, 131 F.3d 188 (D.C. Cir. 1997). In Rapone, a defendant was convicted of contempt of court in a bench trial. While not constitutionally entitled to a jury, he was statutorily entitled to one. However, his numerous requests to the trial court for a jury did not cite the statute. Both the trial court and the government understood the defendant was seeking a jury trial_albeit on constitutional grounds. On appeal the defendant cited the statute, but the government argued that failure to cite it below waived the issue. Id. at 196. The appellate court reversed finding:
The issue, then, is whether [defendant]
surrendered his statutory right to a jury trial because he did not bring the
statute to the district court's attention during his repeated requests for a
jury trial. We hold that he did not. This case is distinguishable from cases
in which a litigant attempts to raise an entirely new claim or new issue on appeal.
In such cases, “issues and legal theories not asserted at the District Court
level ordinarily will not be heard on appeal.” District of Columbia v.
Air Florida, Inc., 750 F.2d 1077, 1084 (D.C.Cir.1984). We have made exceptions
to this rule only in “exceptional circumstances.” Id. at 1085.
In the present case, [defendant] is not attempting to raise the issue of a jury
trial for the first time on appeal. Rather, he simply offers new legal authority
for the position that he repeatedly advanced before the district court_that he
was entitled to have his case tried before a jury.
Id. Jason does not now assert an entirely new legal theory, his legal
theory is the same here as below_that he acted in self-defense. Compare
Albrecht v. Committee on Fed. Employ. Benefits, 357 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C.
Cir. 2004) (“By contrast, appellants here present not new legal authority for
an argument raised in the district court, but rather an entirely new argument_that
the defendant is not the 'Board of Governors' identified in the complaint.
We thus agree with the Board that the argument is waived.”). Consequently,
when an appellate
court reviews a question of law de novo, (See
footnote 3) the court must use its “'”full
knowledge of its own . . . precedents.”'” Rapone, 131
F.3d at 197 (quoting Elder v. Holloway, 510 U.S. 510, 516, 114
S. Ct. 1019, 1023, 127 L. Ed.2d 344, 351 (1994)) (quoting Davis v.
Scherer, 468 U.S. 183, 192 n.9, 104 S. Ct. 3012, 3018 n.9, 82 L.
Ed. 2d 139, 48 n.9 (1984)). As we have said:
“'When an issue or claim is properly before the court, the court is not limited to the particular legal theories advanced by the parties, but rather retains the independent power to identify and apply the proper construction of governing law.'”United States National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Ins. Agents of America, Inc., 508 U.S. 439, 446, 113 S. Ct. 2173, 2178, 124 L. Ed.2d 402, 412 (1993), quoting Kamen v. Kemper Financial Services, Inc., 500 U.S. 90, 99, 111 S. Ct. 1711, 1718, 114 L. Ed.2d 152, 166 (1991).
State v. Blake, 197 W. Va. 700, 706 n.10, 478 S.E.2d 550, 556 n.10 (1996). Accord Forshey v. Principi, 284 F.3d 1335, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“[A]ppellate courts may apply the correct law even if the parties did not argue it below and the court below did not decide it, but only if an issue is properly before the court.”), overruled on other grounds by Morgan v. Principi, 327 F.3d 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2003).
Finally, I believe that Baker's refusal to address whether a business owner has a self-defense privilege similar to that of a homeowner is not applicable here. Baker's refusal to address this question stemmed from the fact that Baker did not make that argument either below or in this Court. 177 W. Va. at 771 n.2, 356 S.E.2d at 864 n.2 (“The defendant did not urge below nor on appeal that as co-owner of the bar she had a special standing to utilize self-defense similar to the occupant of a home.”). Thus, footnote 2 was gratuitous dicta recognizing that there was out of jurisdiction authority that a business owner has no duty to retreat when attacked in the place of business. (See footnote 4) Here, by contrast, there is mandatory authority about an occupant's self-defense rights; precedent under which Jason squarely falls.
By not addressing the sufficiency
issue as Jason did not cite W.J.B. below, the majority has “occasion[ed]
appellate affirmation of [an] incorrect legal result[][,]” Elder v. Holloway,
510 U.S. at 515 n.3, 114 S. Ct. at 1023 n.3, 127 L. Ed. 2d at 350 n.3, as I shall
now demonstrate.
During the trial, Jason testified that Atwell drove a car recklessly near Jason's prior home. He described the incident as involving “spinning tires,” and that Atwell “about run over one of [the neighbor's] granddaughters.” (See footnote 7) Jason also testified that Atwell left a threatening note at a house in which Jason once lived that Atwell “was wanting his f-ing amp, [and] he'd do what it f-ing took [to obtain it].” Jason also testified that around October 30, 2000 “[s]omebody throwed eggs, beat the windows out, spray painted my house, flipped over the tables, broke off the water faucets and filled up the floor with water and everything.” (See footnote 8) Jason said he reported this, giving Atwell's name as a suspect, but nothing was done.
On the evening of October 31, 2000, Jason was in the kitchen of his home with his girlfriend, Drema M., and her 10-month-old son. He testified that while eating, Atwell broke in. (See footnote 9) Thereupon a fight ensued and he struck Atwell with a baseball bat.
At the conclusion of the adjudicatory proceeding, the trial court found Jason was justified in hitting Atwell once, but that further strikes were unjustified. Thus, the court found that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Jason used excessive force.
Jason argues that the State failed
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he did not act in self-defense at all
times during the fight with Atwell. Our cases have held that “[o]nce there
is sufficient evidence to create a reasonable doubt that [an assault] resulted
from the defendant acting in self-defense, the prosecution must prove beyond
a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not act in self-defense.” Syl.
pt. 4, State v. Kirtley, 162 W. Va. 249, 252 S.E.2d 374 (1978). See also Syl.
pt. 6, State v. McKinney, 178 W. Va. 200, 358 S.E.2d 596 (1987) (“Once
the defendant meets his initial burden of producing some evidence of self-defense,
the State is required to disprove the defense of self-defense beyond a reasonable
doubt.”). Further, we have held that “[i]t is peculiarly within the
province of the [factfinder] to weigh the evidence upon the question of self-defense,
and the verdict of a [factfinder] adverse to that defense will not be set aside
unless it is manifestly against the weight of the evidence.” Syl. Pt. 5, State
v. McMillion, 104 W. Va. 1, 138 S.E. 732 (1927). See Syl. Pt.
2, State v. Clark, 175 W. Va. 58, 331 S.E.2d 496 (1985). This Court
has also been careful to note that
A criminal defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction takes on a heavy burden. An appellate court must review all the evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, in the light most favorable to the prosecution and must credit all inferences and credibility assessments that the [factfinder] might have drawn in favor of the prosecution. The evidence need not be inconsistent with every conclusion save that of guilt so long as the [factfinder] can find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Credibility determinations are for a [factfinder] and not an appellate court.
Syl. Pt. 3, in part, State v. Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d
163 (1995). While this is a demanding standard, it is not insurmountable. See,
e.g., State v. Cook, 204 W. Va. 591, 515 S.E.2d 127 (1999) (reversing conviction
based on insufficiency of the evidence since the State did not carry its burden
of showing beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not act in defense
of her husband when she shot the husband's attacker).
This Court observed in W.J.B.,
166 W. Va. at 608, 276 S.E.2d at 554 (1981),(internal quotations and
citations omitted), that “a person has the right to repel force by force
in the defense of his person, his family or his habitation, and if in so
doing he uses only so much force as the necessity, or apparent necessity,
of the case requires, he is not guilty of any offense[.]” “In addressing
the standard by which the reasonableness of an individual's beliefs and actions
in self-defense must be judged, we have recognized that the reasonableness
of such beliefs and actions must be viewed 'in [the] light of the circumstances
in which he acted at the time and not measured by subsequently developed
facts.'” State v. Plumley, 184 W. Va. 536, 540, 401 S.E.2d
469, 473 (1990) (per curiam) (quoting State v. Reppert, 132 W. Va.
675, 691, 52 S.E.2d 820, 830 (1949)).
In the instant proceeding,
the circuit court found that Jason “may have been justified in striking
[Atwell] one time, but he used far more force than was necessary to subdue
[Atwell]; he beat him senseless.” In other words, the circuit court
found that Jason's first blow was justified as self-defense, but further blows were excessive. See Syl.
pt. 1, in part, State v. Miller, 85 W. Va. 326, 102 S.E. 303
(1919) (“One assaulted by another is not bound to retreat, but if he
. . . unnecessarily pursues his assailant after the latter has
declined the combat and inflicts upon him bodily injury, he is guilty of
assault and battery.”); Syl. pt. 8, in part, Shires v. Boggess,
72 W. Va. 109, 77 S.E. 542 (1913) (“One in his own house need not
stand and take without resisting with force even slight assaults of an intruder
or trespasser. . . . But he must not use force disproportioned
to that used against him[.]”).
In view of the circuit court's finding that self-defense was initially appropriate, I will examine Jason's testimony on how the confrontation began. (See footnote 10) Jason described what occurred after Atwell broke into the home as follows:
Q. Did he swing at you?
A. He [Atwell] swung at me. He
swung like he was going to hit toward me. And when he did, he hit Drema and made
her drop [the baby]. And that's when he jumped back up trying to get hold of
me. And that's when I hit him, I come up like this right here (indicating). And
hit him with a ball bat right here. That's how he got the mark on his jaw right
there. That was the first hit that was swung.
. . .
Q. And what happened then? Did
he fall?
A. Yes, sir. He started staggering
around his feet, you know what I
mean, kind of where it knocked him off balance and he kind of reached down
in the back of his pants trying to get something. . . .
. . .
Q. So the first lick you swung
with the bat, he just staggered backwards?
A. When I hit him, he just
kind of like stared at me like I didn't do nothing to him, you know what
I mean? Then he started staggering around.
Q. And when he was going down,
you hit him, is that what you're saying?
A. Yeah.
Q. And you hit him 8 to 10 times
total?
A. Yeah.
Q. Did you do this out of anger?
A. No, out of saving my life.
I thought he come in there to kill me. I didn't have nothing against Billy. When
he come to pawn the amp, I did it as a favor, and then he got mad. And if I'd
known that would be the cause of all of this, I'd just give him the amp back.
It ain't worth $90, you know what I mean?
The State contends this case is similar to State v. Wykle, 208 W. Va. 369, 540 S.E.2d 586 (2000) (per curiam), and that we should affirm on that authority. I disagree. In Wykle the defendant was convicted of unlawful assault. The facts in that case revealed that the victim was the initial aggressor. During an argument with the defendant, the victim slapped the defendant on the head. (See footnote 11) The defendant retaliated by stabbing the victim nine times. After the jury convicted him, he argued on appeal that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he did not act in self-defense. This Court rejected the argument:
We believe
the use of a deadly weapon under the circumstances to be unjustified. Nothing
in the record indicated [the victim] possessed a deadly weapon, or that [the
defendant] was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm. [The victim]
confronted [the defendant] with nothing more than his bare hands. Both men were
relatively the same size in height and weight. While our cases would support
the reasonable use of [the defendant's] bare hands to repel any further attack
by [the victim], we believe the jury properly found that the use of a knife to
stab [the victim] nine times was excessive in relation to any reasonably perceived
danger.
Wykle, 208 W. Va. at 374, 540 S.E.2d at 591.
The decision in Wykle is
distinguishable from the instant case. In Wykle, the victim was invited
into the home where the attack occurred. In the instant case, Atwell broke
into Jason's home. There was no evidence in Wykle that the defendant
knew the victim had a reputation for carrying weapons. In the case sub
judice, Atwell testified that he knew that Atwell had on occasion possessed
guns, knives and brass knuckles. In Wykle, there was no evidence showing
that the victim had previously harassed or threatened the defendant. On the
other hand, Jason testified to harassing conduct by Atwell that included
a threatening note and vandalism of his home. (See
footnote 12) Finally, in Wykle we found it significant
that there was no real physical size difference between the victim and the defendant. In this
case, however, the record fails to show if a size difference existed between
Jason and Atwell.
I agree that the circuit
court was correct in being concerned about the necessity of Jason striking
Atwell more than one time in order to subdue him, as “[o]nce the danger
has passed and the defendant can no longer reasonably believe that he is
in danger, the law does not excuse [further violence].”State v. Clark,
175 W. Va. 58, 62, 331 S.E.2d 496, 500 (1985). However, according to
Jason's testimony, repeated blows were necessary because Atwell was not subdued
with the first blow and he appeared to be reaching for a weapon. Thus, a
critical issue for which the State had the burden, was to show beyond a reasonable
doubt that one blow neutralized the threat Atwell posed.
The only evidence the state produced on the issue of the effects of the initial blow to Atwell, was through Atwell. According to him, Jason sneaked up behind him and struck him in the head for no apparent reason. Atwell further testified that the initial blow to the head rendered him defenseless. The circuit court's oral findings show it did not give any weight to Atwell's version of the fight. Consequently, we are left with Jason's testimony that he struck Atwell on the jaw initially, and that this blow did not neutralize Atwell. To rebut Jason's contention that the initial blow did not deter Atwell, the State had to present medical evidence as to what effect the initial blow had on Atwell See State v. Flippo, 212 W. Va. 560, 585-586, 575 S.E.2d 170, 195-196 (2002) (“[The defendant] reported that he was attacked and twice knocked unconscious by the alleged intruder. . . . Dr. Irvin M. Sopher, former chief medical examiner, testified . . . that the bruises to [the defendant's] head were insufficient to render him unconscious.”). Absent medical testimony, the state was obligated to call the only other witness to the attack, Drema M., to elicit evidence of the effects of the first blow. See State v. James, 211 W. Va. 132, 137, 563 S.E.2d 797, 802 (2002) (per curiam) (“[Defense] counsel retained and exercised full freedom to argue to the [factfinder] the effect of the State having failed to call additional witnesses who might have confirmed or challenged the State's version of the events at issue in the trial.”). The State did neither. Consequently, if we put aside Atwell's testimony, we are left to speculate as to what degree of harm the first blow caused and “an appellate court, cannot speculate that, given the evidence at trial, a jury properly charged would have unanimously agreed beyond a reasonable doubt as to the defendant's guilt.” State v. Hinkle, 200 W. Va. 280, 288 n.28, 489 S.E.2d 257, 265 n.28 (1996). This is, however, exactly what the circuit court did_speculate, and “no person should be condemned as a criminal and punished for a crime when his guilt is shrouded in doubt or uncertainty or rests upon mere speculation or possibility.” State v. Evans, 136 W. Va. 1, 24-25, 66 S.E.2d 545, 558 (1951) (Haymond, J., dissenting). See also Phares v. Brooks, 214 W. Va. 442, 446, 590 S.E.2d 370, 374 (2003) (per curiam) (“We think that a circuit court's order cannot legitimately be based on speculation or divorced from the evidence of record.”).
Hence, I “cannot find
that the State adduced testimony or other evidence showing that the defendant acted in any manner other than self-defense[,]” because
I do not find the State proved the additional blows were excessive beyond
a reasonable doubt. State v. Bates, 181 W. Va. 36, 39-40, 380
S.E.2d 203, 206-207 (1989) (per curiam). I would reverse because of evidentiary
insufficiency and bar retrial. State v. Baker, 177 W. Va. 769,
771, 356 S.E.2d 862, 864 (1987) (““In view of the fact that [Jason]
was entitled to a judgment of acquittal, no retrial is permitted and the
case is remanded for the entry of such judgment.”).
Thus, I respectfully dissent. (See footnote 13) I am authorized to state that Chief Justice Maynard joins in this dissent.