Anita R. Casey
Meyer, Darragh, Buckler,
Bebenek & Eck
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Appellee

David C. Smith
Princeton, West Virginia
Counsel for Appellant

JUSTICE WORKMAN Delivered the Opinion of the Court.

    2. A named insured exclusion endorsement is invalid with respect to the minimum coverage amounts required by the West Virginia Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Law, West Virginia Code §§ 17D-1-1 to 17D-6-7 (1991 & Supp. 1992). Above the minimum amounts of coverage required by West Virginia Code § 17D-4-12 (1992), however, the endorsement remains valid.

    3. An owner of a vehicle does not become a "guest" within the purview of West Virginia Code § 33-6-29 (Supp. 1992) merely by occupying the passenger seat of a vehicle.

Workman, Justice:

    This case arises upon the following two certified questions from the Circuit Court of Mercer County:

    1.    Whether the named insured exclusion endorsement in the Dairyland Insurance Company policy is valid and enforceable?

    2.    If the named insured exclusion endorsement is valid and enforceable, does the vehicle in which the named insured was riding as a passenger become an uninsured motor vehicle for purposes of recovering damages under the uninsured motorist coverage section of the policy?

In the declaratory judgment action initiated below by Dairyland Insurance Company ("Dairyland"), Appellee, the circuit court entered summary judgment against Appellant Judy East on the issue of coverage and then certified the above questions to this Court. We respond to the first certified question by determining that the named exclusion endorsement is invalid to the extent of the minimum coverage required by West Virginia Code § 17D-4-12(b)(2) (1991)), but valid for any coverage exceeding the minimum statutory amount. We respond to the second certified question in the negative.

    Mrs. East was injured in an automobile accident on April 26, 1988, in Mercer County, West Virginia. At the time of the accident, Mrs. East was a passenger in a vehicle that she owned which was being operated by her husband, Daniel East. Mr. East caused the accident by rear-ending an ambulance. Mrs. East initiated a civil action in the Circuit Court of Mercer County, alleging negligence against Mr. East in connection with the automobile accident.See footnote 1

    In effect at the time of the accident was a policy of insurance issued by Dairyland to Mrs. East which contained the following named insured exclusion endorsement:

        NAMED INSURED EXCLUSION ENDORSEMENT [-] This endorsement modifies your policy in the following way: LIABILITY INSURANCE [-] The liability insurance provided by this policy doesn't apply to injuries to the person named on the declarations page. ItSee footnote 2 doesn't apply to the husband or wife of that person if they are living in the same household. (footnote supplied)

Based on its position that it owed no coverage to Mrs. EastSee footnote 3 because of the named insured exclusion endorsement, Dairyland then filed a separate civil action seeking a declaratory judgment regarding its rights, duties, and obligations to Mrs. East. The circuit court resolved each of these certified questions against Mrs. East in an order entered on February 7, 1992.

    Mrs. East urges this Court to find the named insured exclusion endorsement invalid and unenforceable on grounds that it violates the provisions of West Virginia Code § 33-6-29 (Supp. 1992) as well as public policy. West Virginia Code § 33-6-29(a) provides in pertinent part: "An insurer shall not issue any policy of bodily injury or property damage liability insurance which excludes coverage to the owner or operator of a motor vehicle on account of bodily injury or property damage to any guest or invitee who is a passenger in such motor vehicle." Relying on West Virginia Code § 33-6-29, Mrs. East maintains that an insurer may not restrict availability of liability coverage to a guest passenger in a motor vehicle.

    We note initially that the purpose and effect of the named insured exclusion endorsement in the Dairyland policy is to prevent Mrs. East from recovering for personal injuries to herself resulting from her own acts of negligence. Because of this endorsement then, had Mrs. East been driving the vehicle at the time of the accident, no coverage would have been extended to her under the subject policy. Appellant does not dispute this point, but instead argues that because she was occupying the passenger seat rather than the driver's seat when the accident occurred, her coverage should now be enhanced to cover her personal injuries. We further recognize, based on a representation made by Appellee during oral argument and not disputed by Appellant, that Mrs. East apparently paid a reduced premium because of the inclusion of the named insured exclusion endorsement in her policy. As a matter of policy, it seems unfair for the insured to receive coverage she did not contract for merely by switching seats in the automobile. Because we decide this case on grounds of law rather than policy, however, the outcome of this case is not determined by this point.

    This Court previously ruled in Jones v. Motorists Mutual Insurance Co., 177 W. Va. 763, 356 S.E.2d 634 (1987) that:

         A 'named driver exclusion' endorsement in a motor vehicle liability insurance policy in this State is of no force or effect up to the limits of financial responsibility required by W. Va. Code, 17D-4-2 [1979]; however, above those mandatory limits, or with regard to the property of the named insured himself, a 'named driver exclusion' endorsement is valid under W. Va. Code, 33-6-31(a) [1982].

Id. at 764, 356 S.E.2d at 635, Syllabus. Based on the following comment in Jones, Dairyland argues that the Jones holding is inapplicable:

        [A] common sense reading of these statutes [West Virginia Code §§ 17D-4-12(b)(2) and 33-6-31(a)] in their entirety leads us to conclude that the legislature intended Chapter 17 to provide a minimum level of financial security to third-parties who might suffer bodily injury or property damage from negligent drivers.

177 W. Va. at 766, 356 S.E.2d at 637. Dairyland focuses on the use of the term "third-parties" in the above-quoted sentence and suggests that the holding of Jones should not apply to the named insured in this case because she is not a third-party.

    Although Jones clearly pertained to third-party liability, factually and legally, the reasoning of Jones, is applicable analogously to the case at bar. In Jones, this Court first recognized that the legislative intent in enacting West Virginia Code § 17D-4-12(b)(2) was "to provide a minimum level of financial security to third-parties who might suffer bodily injury or property damage from negligent drivers." 177 W. Va. at 766, 356 S.E.2d at 637. Secondly, we recognized that "beyond the mandatory twenty thousand dollar bodily injury for one person, forty thousand dollar bodily injury for two or more persons, and ten thousand dollar property damage minimum coverage requirements, Code 33-6-31(a) [1982] allows an insurer and an insured to agree to a 'named driver exclusion' endorsement." Id. While we were not called upon to decide in Jones whether the statutory minimum amounts of coverage pertain to named insureds, we now conclude that the language in West Virginia Code § 17D-4-12(b)(2) was intended to provide a minimum level of financial security to named insureds as well as to third-parties. As support for this conclusion, we reference the statutory language that requires that an automobile owner's liability insurance policy "shall insure the person named therein . . . against loss from the liability imposed by law for damages arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of such vehicle" subject to statutory limits. W. Va. Code § 17D-4-12(b)(2). For the same reasons that we concluded in Jones that a named driver exclusion was valid above the limits of financial responsibility imposed by West Virginia Code § 17D-4-2, a namedinsured exclusion endorsement is similarly valid above the statutorily-imposed minimum amounts of coverage.

    A recent case decided by a federal district court in Kansas applying Missouri law addressed our specific issue, that is, whether a named insured exclusion clause violates public policy. The court in State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Gengelbach, No. 91-2048-0, 1992 WL 88025 (D. Kan. March 3, 1992), extended the reasoning formerly relied upon to invalidate household exclusion clausesSee footnote 4 to named insured exclusion clauses. Id. at 3. The court reasoned:

         The court further finds that the named insured exclusion clause contained in the Gengelbach's policy is invalid to the same extent as the household exclusion clause [with respect to minimum coverage amounts required by the Missouri Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law "MVFRL"]. Although Halpin does not address the validity of named insured exclusion clauses, this court believes that the policy reasons supporting the Halpin decision are equally applicable to named insured clauses. . . . [T]his court believes that complete enforcement of the named insured exclusion clause in the instant case would thwart the purposes of the MVFRL by preventing Carolyn Gengelbach from recovering damages arising from the alleged negligence of her husband. . . . Stated differently, the court finds that enforcement of the named insured provision would prevent the policy at issue from insuring against loss from liability arising out of the use of the vehicle for a cause of action allowed by law.

Id. (citations omitted).See footnote 5

    Like the Appellant in this case, Mrs. Gengelbach was riding in the passenger seat of a vehicle operated by her husband at the time of a collision. Mrs. Gengelbach similarly filed suit claiming that she suffered injuries as a result of her husband's negligent operation of their vehicle. The only true distinction between the two cases is that both Mrs. Gengelbach and her husband were named insureds subject to a named insured exclusion endorsement as opposed to just the Appellant in the instant case. That distinction, however, is of no consequence to the outcome of the case or the reasoning applied by the court in reaching its decision. Adopting the reasoning employed in Gengelbach, we determine that "enforcement of the named insured provision would prevent the policy at issue from insuring against loss from liability arising out of the use of the vehicle for a cause of action allowed by law." Id. Accordingly, we find that a named insured exclusion endorsement is invalid with respect to the minimum coverage amounts required by the West Virginia Motor Vehicle Safety Responsibility Law ("MVSRL"), West Virginia Code §§ 17D-1-1 to 17D-6-7 (1991 & Supp. 1992). Above the minimum amounts of coverage required by West Virginia Code § 17D-4-12,See footnote 6 however, the endorsement remains valid. See W. Va. Code § 33-6-31(k).See footnote 7

    The next issue we examine is whether the named insured exclusion endorsement is invalid because of an alleged conflict with the guest passenger statute set forth in West Virginia Code § 33-6-29. Quoted in full above, the statute prevents insurers from issuing policies that deny coverage "on account of bodily injury or property damage to any guest or invitee who is a passenger" in a motor vehicle. Id. Mrs. East, without any support for her position, argues that she qualifies as a guest passenger by virtue of her location at the time of the accident in the passenger seat of her vehicle. Clearly, Mrs. East was a passenger in the vehicle. Under the language of West Virginia Code § 33-6-29, however, passenger status only is not sufficient to invoke the benefits of the statute. She must also qualify as either a "guest" or an "invitee."See footnote 8

    Since the term "guest" is not defined under the MVSRL, we are required to afford that term its generally recognized meaning. See Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Cole, 160 W. Va. 804, 238 S.E.2d 849 (1977). Black's Law Dictionary states that:

         A 'guest' in an automobile is one who takes ride in automobile driven by another person, merely for his own pleasure or on his own business, and without making any return or conferring any benefit on automobile driver. Guest is used to denote one whom owner or possessor of vehicle invites or permits to ride with him as gratuity, without any financial return except such slight benefits as are customarily extended as part of ordinary courtesies of road.

Black's Law Dictionary 707 (6th ed. 1990) (citing Rothwell v. Transmeier, 206 Kan. 199, 477 P.2d 960, 963, 966 (1970)).

    Under the first definition of "guest" cited by Black's, Mrs. East fails because she clearly conferred a benefit on Mr. East, by permitting him the use of her vehicle. Application of the facts of this case to the second definition results in the same conclusion because Mrs. East as the owner of the vehicle could not extend and accept an invitation to herself regarding use of the vehicle. Additionally, even if you view Mr. East as the possessor of the vehicle, a position which seems tenuous at best based on the parties' marital relationship, Mrs. East needed no invitation from her husband to ride in her own vehicle and accordingly, would not be her husband's guest. In any event, Mr. East still received a benefit from his wife by virtue of his use of his wife's car and thus, she necessarily fails to qualify as a guest under the second definition. In concluding that Mrs. East was not a guest passenger at the time of the accident,See footnote 9 we recognize that an owner of a vehicle does not become a "guest" within the purview of West Virginia Code § 33-6-29 merely by occupying the passenger seat of a vehicle.

    Our final issue for consideration is whether the vehicle in issue became an uninsured vehicle for purposes of recovering damages under the uninsured motorist coverage section of the Dairyland policy. We dispense with this issue quickly as the Dairyland policy had in effect an exclusion that read as follows:         Excluded Uninsured/Underinsured Motor Vehicles

        A motor vehicle owned by you or furnished for your regular use isn't an uninsured or underinsured motor vehicle. 
Given the language of this exclusion combined with our determination that the exclusion is valid pursuant to West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(k),See footnote 10 we conclude that the vehicle in question does not qualify as an uninsured vehicle. See also Thomas v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., No. 20927 (W. Va. filed Dec. 16, 1992) (upholding family use exclusion which excluded from the definition of "underinsured motor vehicle" any vehicle owned by or furnished for the regular use of the insured or a relative and recognizing that such exclusion has as its purpose the prevention of converting underinsured coverage into additional liability coverage). There are obviously no disputes regarding the existence of a valid insurance policy with respect to the vehicle in which the Easts were riding at the time of the accident. Consequently, just because an exclusion prevents an individual from recovering under the policy,See footnote 11 the vehicle does not then become an uninsured motor vehicle. See American Standard Ins. Co. v. Dolphin, 801 S.W.2d 413 (Mo. App. 1990). Moreover, given that the effect of our holding in Section I of this case is to force Dairyland to provide coverage to Mrs. East up to the minimum statutory requirement, the vehicle cannot qualify as an "uninsured motor vehicle" by definition. See W. Va. Code § 33-6-31(c).See footnote 12

    Having answered the certified questions, this case is dismissed from the docket of this Court.

         The plain purpose of the 1986 amendment [the enactment of the Missouri Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law] is to make sure that people who are injured on the highways may collect damage awards, within limits, against negligent motor vehicle operators. This protection extends to occupants of the insured vehicle as well as to operators and occupants of other vehicles and pedestrians. The purpose would be incompletely fulfilled if the household exclusion clause were fully enforced. . . . We believe that the legislature had a purpose of requiring motor vehicle liability policies to provide coverage coextensive with liability, subject to statutory limits. We should give effect to the pervasive purpose even though the method of expression may be inartistic.
Id. at 482.

        [s]hall insure the person named therein and any other person, as insured, . . . against loss from the liability imposed by law for damages . . . subject to limits exclusive of interest and costs, with respect to each such vehicle as follows: Twenty thousand dollars because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one accident and, subject to said limit for one person, forty thousand dollars because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one accident, and ten thousand dollars because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any one accident.

property damage liability insurance both in the amounts specified by section two, article four, chapter seventeen-d, . . . or (ii) there is such insurance, but the insurance company writing the same denies coverage thereunder, or (iii) there is no certificate of self-insurance. . . ." W. Va. Code § 33-6-31(c).