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672 S.E.2d 204
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
September 2008 Term
____________
No. 33907
____________
ANTIONETTE FALLS,
Plaintiff Below, Appellant,
V.
UNION DRILLING INC., a Delaware corporation,
KEVIN WRIGHT, DONALD ROACH, LINDA HALL,
and W. Va. INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendants Below, Appellees.
______________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Harrison County
Honorable Thomas A. Bedell, Judge
Civil Action No. 06-C-613-2
AFFIRMED
_____________________________________________________
Submitted: October 8, 2008
Filed: December 10, 2008
David J. Romano, Esq. Stuart A. McMillan, Esq.
Sarah E. Wagner
Evan R. Kime, Esq.
Rachel E. Ramano Bowles Rice McDavid Graff & Love,
Romano Law Office
PLLC
Clarksburg, West Virginia Charleston, West Virginia
Attorney for Appellant Attorney for Appellees,
Union Drilling, Inc. and Kevin Wright
|
Charles R. Bailey, Esq.
Ryan Flanigan, Esq.
Bailey & Wyant, PLLC
Charleston, West Virginia
Attorneys for Appellee, Donald Roach
David A. Sims, Esq.
Gregory R. Tingler, Esq.
Law Offices of David A. Sims, PLLC
Elkins, West Virginia
Attorneys for Appellee,
W. Va. Insurance Company |
The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.
JUSTICE STARCHER dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion.
JUSTICE ALBRIGHT not participating.
SENIOR STATUS JUSTICE McHUGH sitting by temporary assignment.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1.
“Where the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a question
of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a
de novo standard of review.”
Syllabus Point 1,
Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W. Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995).
2.
“Appellate review of a circuit court's order granting a motion to dismiss
a complaint is
de novo.” Syllabus Point 2,
State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac-
Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995).
3.
“An employer who is otherwise entitled to the immunity provided by
W. Va. Code §23-2-6 (1991) may lose that immunity in only one of three ways: (1) by
defaulting in payments required by the Workers' Compensation Act or otherwise failing to
be in compliance with the Act; (2) by acting with deliberate intention to cause an employee's
injury as set forth in §23-4-2(d); or (3) in such other circumstances where the Legislature has
by statute expressly provided an employee a private remedy outside the workers'
compensation system.” Syllabus Point 2,
Bias v. Eastern Associate Coal Corp., 220 W. Va.
190, 640 S.E.2d 540 (2006).
4. “An employee is entitled to compensation for an injury sustained in
going to or coming from his work, only where such injury occurs within the zone of his
employment, and that zone must be determined by the circumstances of the particular case
presented.” Syllabus Point 1,
Carper v. Workmen's Compensation Comm'r, 121 W. Va. 1,
1 S.E.2d 165 (1939).
5. “An injury, resulting in death, received by an employee while traveling
upon a public highway in the same manner and for like purposes as the general public travels
such highway, and not in performance of his duties for his employer, is not an injury received
in the course of employment within the meaning of the Workmen's Compensation Act and
is, therefore, not compensable.” Syllabus,
Buckland v. State Compensation Comm'r, 115 W.
Va. 323, 175 S.E. 785 (1934).
6. “Workmen's compensation law generally recognizes that an employee
is entitled to compensation for an injury received while traveling on behalf of the employer's
business.” Syllabus Point 1,
Calloway v. State Workmen's Compensation Comm'r, 165 W.
Va. 432, 268 S.E.2d 132 (1980).
7. “Injury or death of an employee of a subscriber to the Compensation
Fund occurring upon a public highway and not on the premises of the employer, gives right
to participate in the fund, when 'the place of injury was brought within the scope of
employment by an express or implied requirement of the contract of employment, of its use
by the servant in going to and returning from work.'” Syllabus Point 1,
Canoy v. State
Compensation Comm'r, 113 W. Va. 914, 170 S.E.184 (1933).
PER CURIAM (See footnote 1)
:
In the instant matter, Appellant Antionette Falls, individually and in her
capacity as administratrix of the estate of Daniel E. Falls,
(See footnote 2) seeks reversal of and/or the
prohibition of the Circuit Court of Harrison County's June 21, 2007, order dismissing her
common-law negligence claims against Union Drilling, Inc., and its employees, Donald
Roach and Kevin Wright (collectively the “Defendants”) for failure to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted on the grounds that defendants were entitled to immunity under
West Virginia Workers' Compensation Act, W. Va. Code §23-1-1. After careful
consideration of the briefs and arguments in this proceeding, as well as the pertinent legal
authorities, we affirm the circuit court's order.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Daniel Falls was fatally injured in a single vehicle accident that occurred while
he and his supervisor
(See footnote 3) , Donald Roach, were traveling home to Spelter, Harrison County,
West Virginia, from a Union Drilling worksite located in Marshall County, West Virginia.
On the previous work day, Donald Roach had worked at least one extra shift in addition to
the five, regularly-scheduled eight-hour shifts he was scheduled to work that week.
(See footnote 4) Roach
drove home to Harrison County after his shifts ended, giving Daniel Falls a ride. During that
drive, Roach lost control of the vehicle
(See footnote 5) and Daniel Falls was fatally injured.
Appellant filed the instant wrongful death action in the Circuit Court of
Harrison County against Union Drilling, Donald Roach, Kevin Wright
(See footnote 6) , Linda Hall, and W.
Va. Insurance Company, Hall's insurer, alleging that Roach had fallen asleep at the wheel
due to being overworked by his employer.
(See footnote 7) Appellant's Complaint alleges that Union
Drilling “negligently and recklessly” required Falls, Roach, and other employees to
“consistently work excessive hours without adequate rest or sleep.” Therefore, Appellant
contends that Falls' injuries were the direct and proximate result of the alleged workplace
negligence of Union Drilling. The Complaint pled that the actions and omissions of Roach
and Wright were “within the scope of their employment and/or agency relationship with
Union Drilling”, thus permitting consideration of the doctrine of
respondeat superior or
vicarious liability against Union Drilling.
Appellees filed motions to dismiss the action asserting that because Appellant's
theory of liability rested solely on the work-related activities of Union Drilling, the tort law
claims against them were barred by statutory immunity provided by West Virginia Code §23-
2- 6. The circuit court granted said motions, dismissing Appellant's claims, finding that the
Appellees were entitled to sweeping immunity from common tort claims for negligently
inflicted injuries brought by employees, citing
Bias v. Eastern Associated Coal Corp., 220
W. Va. 190, 640 S.E.2d 540 (2006). The court held that no statute expressly provides
Appellant with a private remedy outside of the workers' compensation system. Accordingly,
the court concluded that Appellant failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
Thereafter, Appellant filed a Motion for Reconsideration and a Motion to
Amend her original Complaint to include a deliberate intent cause of action. By order dated
August 13, 2007, the circuit court denied Appellant's Motion for Reconsideration, but
granted the Motion to Amend, permitting the Appellant to allege a deliberate intent case.
Appellant then filed a motion to certify a question of law to this Court on August 16, 2007.
The circuit court denied said motion finding that this Court's decision in
Bias v. Eastern
Associated Coal Corp., 220 W. Va. 190, 640 S.E.2d 540, was controlling substantively, and
because procedurally, the circuit court's dismissal order was final and appealable. Appellant
filed her Petition for Appeal or Alternatively Writ of Prohibition on October 23, 2007.
(See footnote 8)
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The question presented on appeal is purely a question of law. The central issue
we are called upon to decide here is whether the immunity provisions of West Virginia Code
§23_2-6 immunize employers and co-employees from common law liability for death or
injury that occurs where an employee is killed on a public highway while riding in a vehicle
driven by another employee who falls asleep at the wheel after both employees have left the
employer's premises after working a double shift. “Where the issue on an appeal from the
circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply
a de novo standard of review.” Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W. Va. 138, 459
S.E.2d 415 (1995). Furthermore, “[a]ppellate review of a circuit court's order granting a
motion to dismiss a complaint is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan
Pontiac-Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995). With this standard of review
in mind, we proceed to consider the issues before us.
III.
DISCUSSION
Appellant asserts three assignments of error. First, Appellant contends that the
circuit court's conclusion that Appellees are shielded from common-law liability by the
immunity provisions of the West Virginia Workers' Compensation Act is incompatible with
long-standing precedent of this Court. Second, Appellant asserts that the circuit court's
ruling creates an unnecessary constitutional confrontation between her right to a certain
remedy and jury trial and the immunity provisions of the West Virginia Workers'
Compensation Act. Third, Appellant alleges that the circuit court's conclusion violates the
public policy of this State. We will address each of these arguments in turn.
Under West Virginia's Workers' Compensation system, employers are entitled
to immunity from suit for work-related injuries brought by employees. West Virginia Code
§23-2-6 provides that:
[a]ny employer subject to this chapter who subscribes and pays into the
workers compensation fund the premiums provided by this chapter or
who elects to make direct payments of compensation as provided in this
section is not liable to respond in damages at common law or by statute
for the injury or death of any employee, however occurring, after so
subscribing or electing, and during any period in which the employer
is not in default in the payment of the premiums or direct payments and
has complied fully with all other provisions of this chapter.
W. Va. Code §23-2-6 (2003) (Emphasis added). This Court has previously defined the term
“however occurring”, as used in this section, to mean “an employee who is injured in the
course of and as a result of his employment, and one who, under the common-law principles
of master and servant, could have maintained an action against his employer.”Cox v. United
States Coal & Coke Co., 80 W. Va. 295, 92 S.E. 559, 561 (1917).
The immunity provided by West Virginia Code §23-2-6 is sweeping. We held
in Bias v. Eastern Associated Coal Corp., 220 W. Va. 190, 640 S.E.2d 540, that:
[T]he Legislature intended for W. Va. Code 23-2-6 (1991) to provide
qualifying employers sweeping immunity from common-law tort
liability for negligently inflicted injuries. As this Court succinctly
stated in State ex rel. Frazier v. Hrko, 203 W. Va. 652, 659, 510 S.E.2d
486, 493 (1998), “[w]hen an employer subscribes to and pays premiums
into the Fund, and complies with all other requirements of the Act, the
employer is entitled to immunity for any injury occurring to an
employee and 'shall not be liable to respond in damages at common law
or by statute.' W. Va. Code §23-2-6 [1991].” This immunity is not
easily forfeited.
Id. at 194, 544.
We also provided in Syllabus Point 2 of Bias, that “[a]n employer who is
otherwise entitled to the immunity provided by W. Va. Code §23-2-6 (1991) may lose that
immunity in only one of three ways: (1) by defaulting in payments required by the Workers'
Compensation Act or otherwise failing to be in compliance with the Act; (2) by acting with
deliberate intention to cause an employee's injury as set forth in §23-4-2(d); or (3) in such
other circumstances where the Legislature has by statute expressly provided an employee a
private remedy outside the workers' compensation system.”
Co-employees are also provided immunity pursuant to West Virginia Code
§23-2-6a which states:
[t]he immunity from liability set out in the preceding section shall
extend to every officer, manager, agent, representative or employee of
such employer when he is acting in furtherance of the employer's
business and does not inflict an injury with deliberate intention.
W. Va. Code §23-2-6a (1949).
Under our traditional “going and coming rule”, workers compensation
coverage is not extended to an employee who is injured while going to and coming from
work, because absent special circumstances, that employee is not considered to be “in the
course of” his or her employment at the time.
Brown v. City of Wheeling, 212 W. Va. 121,
125, 569 S.E.2d 197, 201 (2002)(
citing De Constantin v. Public Service Comm'n, 75 W. Va.
32, 83 S.E. 88 (1914)). “In other words, the employee may not recover workers'
compensation benefits, and the employer is not immune from a negligence action.”
Brown,
212 W. Va. at 125, 569 S.E.2d at 201. An employee is entitled to compensation for an injury
sustained in going to or coming from his work, only where such injury occurs within the zone
of his employment, and that zone must be determined by the circumstances of the particular
case presented. Syl. Pt. 1,
Carper v. Workmen's Compensation Comm'r, 121 W. Va. 1, 1
S.E.2d 165 (1939). “No definite rule can be laid down as to what is the zone of employment,
and each case must be decided on its own facts and circumstances.”
Id. at 3, 166. Thus, this
Court has recognized that special circumstances within a given claim are directly relevant
to whether a given injury is compensable.
Appellant argues that she should be entitled to pursue a common law wrongful
death claim against the Appellees because the decedent was killed after leaving Union's work
premises after his shift ended, his death did not result from or occur in the course of
employment. Appellant alleges that although this Court observed in
Bias, 220 W. Va. 190,
640 S.E.2d 540, that the Legislature intended for employer immunity to be sweeping,
immunity is not unlimited. Rather, the employer must first fit into the four corners of the
Workers Compensation Act in order for immunity to apply.
Appellant alleges that her reliance on a
respondeat superior theory of liability
for some of Donald Roach's conduct does not trigger the Appellees' immunity under the act,
nor does it affect her right to proceed with a wrongful death action against the Appellees
because her contention that her son's death did not “result from” and occur “in the course of”
employment is not undermined by her allegation that Defendant Roach's negligent conduct
was directly related to the scope of his employment. Appellant contends that the question
of whether decedent's death resulted from and occurred in the course of his employment for
the purpose of Workers' Compensation benefits is immaterial to a determination of whether
defendants were, at any time during the chain of events, acting within the scope of their
employment at the time of the crash. Appellant alleges that the circuit court applied the
Bias decision too broadly, failing to realize that immunity does not apply unless the conduct at
issue comes within the four corners of the act first. Appellant asserts that here, she
specifically pled that neither the decedent nor Donald Roach were “on the job” at the time
the accident occurred. Thus, although she contends that the decedent would not have been
killed but for Mr. Roach's employment, immunity should not apply.
Appellant cites to various prior cases in an attempt to support her conclusion
that a common law negligence cause of action is appropriate. First, Appellant cites to
Brown
v. City of Wheeling, 212 W. Va. 121, 125, 569 S.E.2d 197, 201.
Brown involved a co-
employee who injured the plaintiff in a vehicular accident while coming back from an out
of town work-related training session.
Therein, we held that the employer was entitled to
immunity because the co-employees were acting within the scope and course of their
employment while coming back from the training session.
Appellant next points to an older decision of this Court,
Cox v. United States
Coal & Coke Co., 80 W. Va. 295, 92 S.E. 559, 561.
Cox involved a plaintiff who voluntarily
went to his employer's premises to explain to his supervisor why he missed his shift that
morning. On his way home, while still on the premises, but not while acting within the scope
of his employment, the plaintiff was struck on the head by an object thrown by a co-
employee who was working in a nearby railroad car. This Court rejected the employer's
claim of immunity and stated, in part that, “it surely was not the purpose of the legislature
to relieve an employer from liability for a negligent act causing injury to one of his
employees who happens not at that particular moment to be engaged in performing labor for
him.”. . . “The only essential condition entitling the injured employee to be compensated
out of the fund being that the injury must occur in the course of and as a result of his
employment.”
Appellant alleges that not only is the circuit court's decision at odds with
Brown and
Cox, it is also inconsistent with this Court's recognition that an employer may be
liable for injuries occurring off the job caused by an over-fatigued worker if the employer
could have reasonably foreseen that the employee would pose a risk of harm to others.
Robertson v. LeMaster, 171 W. Va. 607, 612, 301 S.E.2d 563, 568-69 (1983).
Conversely, Appellees allege that the location and timing of the accident is not
the decisive factor in determining whether to strip them of immunity because the test for
immunity, under
Bias, 220 W. Va. 190, 640 S.E.2d 540, is whether the alleged negligent
actions are work-related,
“however occurring.” (See footnote 9) Thus, they contend that the fact that the
injury occurred beyond the narrow time and space limits of the workplace is immaterial to
the immunity analysis. Even though the accident itself occurred just after the decedent and
Roach left the work-site, the Appellant here is alleging that the negligence itself actually
occurred during the work day at the work site. Appellees point out that Appellant somewhat
contradicts herself in an attempt to create a
respondeat superior claim against Union
asserting that Roach was acting within the scope of his employment, but that the accident did
not occur during the course of employment. Appellees allege that classifying one type of
conduct in two different ways produces a nonsensical result. Furthermore, Appellees allege
that the
Bias decision makes it abundantly clear that W. Va. Code §23-2-6 entitles employers
to broad-sweeping immunity from common law tort claims based on work-related conduct
brought by employees. Appellees contend that because Appellant did not argue below that
the circuit court misapplied any of the three specific exceptions to immunity enunciated in
Bias,220 W. Va. 190, 640 S.E.2d 540, the circuit court correctly found that the Appellees
were entitled to immunity.
(See footnote 10)
Upon reviewing the merits of the parties' arguments, we must first state that
while we believe that our decision in
Bias does apply to this case, we would not apply its
holding as broadly in this case as Appellees suggest. In
Bias, we had specific occasion to
interpret W. Va. Code §23-2-6 to determine whether a plaintiff was entitled to assert a
common law claim for a “mental-mental” injury which was statutorily prohibited from being
compensable under the Workers' Compensation statutory scheme, where the plaintiff had
claimed an injury occurring on the job, within the zone of employment, as the result of a coal
mine fire. Therein, we found that the claimant was not entitled to a common law claim
because he had been injured on the job.
In Syllabus Point 2 of
Bias, we held “[a]n employer
who is otherwise entitled
to the immunity provided by W. Va. Code §23-2-6 (1991) may lose that immunity in only
one of three ways: (1) by defaulting in payments required by the Workers' Compensation Act
or otherwise failing to be in compliance with the Act; (2) by acting with deliberate intention
to cause an employee's injury as set forth in §23-4-2(d); or (3) in such other circumstances
where the Legislature has by statute expressly provided an employee a private remedy
outside the workers' compensation system.” (Emphasis added). The immunity conferred
upon an employer is tied to the allegation of a work-related injury, i.e., an accidental personal
injury arising out of and in the course of employment.
Wetzel v. Employers' Service Corp.
of West Virginia, 221 W. Va. 610, 656 S.E.2d 55 (2007).
(See footnote 11) The issue we confront herein is
whether immunity extends to the specific claims set forth in Appellant's complaint. In doing
so, we are mindful that when an employee is injured while going to and coming from work,
absent special circumstances, that employee is not considered to be “in the course of” his
or her employment at the time.
Brown v. City of Wheeling, 212 W. Va. at 125, 569 S.E.2d
at 201 (Emphasis added). We conclude that the injuries sustained herein as alleged in
Appellant's complaint were work-related injuries. Immunity for the employer and for co-
employees from common law liability for death or injury is therefore appropriate in this case.
In considering the immunity question, the merits of this case require us to
examine our traditional “going and coming rule”, and the various exceptions, i.e. special
circumstances, to the rule that we have previously adopted. Here, Appellant alleged in her
complaint that an employee was killed on a public highway while riding in a vehicle driven
by another employee who fell asleep at the wheel immediately after both employees left the
employer's premises after working a double shift. In ascertaining an answer to this question,
the merits of this case require us to further examine our traditional “going and coming” rule,
and the various exceptions to the rule that we have previously adopted.
As we recognized in
Brown, “[
u]nder normal circumstances, an employee's
use of a public highway going to or coming from work is not considered to be in the course
of employment. The reasoning underlying this rule is that the employee is being exposed to
a risk identical to that of the general public;
the risk is not imposed by the employer.”
Brown, 212 W. Va. at 126, 569 S.E.2d at 202.(Emphasis added). We further held in
the
Syllabus of
Buckland v. State Compensation Comm'r, 115 W. Va. 323, 175 S.E. 785 (1934)
that:
An injury, resulting in death, received by an employee while
traveling upon a public highway in the same manner and for like
purposes as the general public travels such highway, and not in
performance of his duties for his employer, is not an injury
received in the course of employment within the meaning of the
Workmen's Compensation Act and is, therefore, not
compensable.
We observe here, however, that Appellant, in order to attempt to maintain a respondeat superior claim, does not plead that this accident occurred under normal
circumstances. Rather, Appellant herself asserts special circumstances in order to attempt
to make such a claim. We have recognized that various nuances of the “going and coming”
rule may serve to alter its application where additional evidence exists linking the employer
to the accident. One such exception to the rule is that if employees are required, as a
condition of their employment, to routinely journey from place to place, then injuries
incurred by those employees while traveling are compensable. We have held that
“Workmen's Compensation law generally recognizes that an employee is entitled to
compensation for an injury received while traveling on behalf of the employer's business.”
Syl. Pt. 1, Calloway v. State Workmen's Compensation Comm'r, 165 W. Va. 432, 268 S.E.2d
132 (1980). However, when an employee engages in a “major deviation from the business
purpose”, compensation can be denied. Id. at Syl. Pt. 3.
Another exception to the “going and coming” rule that we have recognized is
the “special errand” exception. In Harris v. State Workmen's Compensation Comm'r, 158
W. Va. 66, 70-71, 208 S.E.2d 291, 293-94 (1974), we held:
“When an employee, having identifiable time and space limits on his
employment, makes an off-premises journey which would normally not
be covered under the usual going and coming rule,
the journey may be
brought within the course of employment by the fact that the trouble
and time of making the journey, or the special inconvenience,
hazard,
or urgency of making it in the particular circumstances,
is itself
sufficiently substantial to be viewed as an integral part of the service
itself.”
Id. (
citing 1
Larson Workmen's Compensation Law §16.10 (1972)).
(See footnote 12) (Emphasis added).
In
accord, Courtless v. Jolliffe, 203 W. Va. 258, 263, 507 S.E.2d 136, 141 (1988). Such a
“special errand” may require the use of a highway to perform an employee's duties for the
employer. For example, in Syllabus Point 1 of
Canoy v. State Compensation Comm'r, 113
W. Va. 914, 170 S.E.184 (1933), we stated:
Injury or death of an employee of a subscriber to the Compensation
Fund occurring upon a public highway and not on the premises of the
employer, gives right to participate in the fund, when “
the place of
injury was brought within the scope of employment by an express or
implied requirement of the contract of employment, of its use by the
servant in going to and returning from work.”
Id. (Emphasis added). The special errand exception to the “going and coming rule” is still
applied by a majority of jurisdictions.
See Arthur Larson and Lex K. Larson, 1
Larson's
Worker's Compensation Law §14.05 (2008).
In evaluating the rather unique nature of the set of claimed circumstances
before us, and taking the allegations set forth in the complaint as true, we cannot avoid the
fundamental conflict in Appellant's argument. In the case
sub judice, Appellant's claims,
as set forth in her complaint, intertwine the concepts of our traditional “going and coming
rule” in the
respondeat superior context, with those of employer workplace negligence, by
alleging that Falls' injuries were the direct and proximate result of the workplace negligence
of Union Drilling since Union “negligently and recklessly” required Falls, Roach, and other
employees to “consistently work excessive hours without adequate rest or sleep.”
(See footnote 13)
Here, Appellant has pled “special circumstances” in the “going and coming
rule” context by asserting in her complaint a direct connection between the workplace
practices of Union Drilling and the injuries sustained by Mr. Falls.
See Brown, 212 W. Va.
at 125, 569 S.E.2d at 201. Appellant's complaint must be read to maintain that Falls' injuries
were directly work-related.
In considering whether the journey home, as alleged, was brought within the
course of employment, we find in these circumstances that the special hazard or increased
risk, i.e. the “special circumstances”, involved by working the double shift is itself
sufficiently substantial to be viewed as an integral part of the service itself. Mr. Roach's
extra shift was at Union's request and it satisfied an important business need.
(See footnote 14) The extra
shift required doubling Mr. Roach's normal shift duration. The journey home was obviously
foreseeable and it was an essential part of the special service which Mr. Roach performed
after his regular hours. Thus, the alleged negligent conduct of Union Drilling would have
indirectly increased the risk of harm to both Mr. Falls and Mr. Roach by causing or
contributing to the sleep deprivation of Mr. Roach, the vehicle's driver. Because of the
increased risk of harm resulting to both gentlemen as a result of these work-related activities,
we find them to fall sufficiently within the course and scope of their employment at the time
this accident occurred as “special circumstances” within the context of the “going and
coming rule” we set forth in
Brown. Id.
Other jurisdictions have found an exception to the “going and coming rule” in
circumstances such as this, where the trip was made dangerous due to the fact that overtime
or irregular hours were required to be worked.
See Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Workers'
Compensation Appeal Board, et al, 104 Cal.App.3d 528 (1980)(holding that doubling of
employee's normal shift duration made journey home a foreseeable and essential part of the
special service which an employee is called upon to perform after his regular hours);
See also
Dawson v. Oklahoma City Basket Co., 322 P.2d 642 (Okl. 1958)(holding that evidence that
employee performed extra work outside his regular hours consisting of unloading coal
established that he was performing a special task, and thus, his employment continued until
he arrived at his home);
Bickley v. South Carolina Elec. & Gas. Co.192 S.E.2d 866 (S.C.
1972)(holding that lineman who was called out by employer to repair electrical lines at a time
and in an area other than those that were normal and customary to his employment and who
was killed in automobile accident while returning home after completion was on special
errand for employer);
Massey v. Board of Education of Mecklenburg County, 167 S.E. 695
(N.C. 1933).
(See footnote 15) Based upon the foregoing, we conclude that based upon the unique and
special circumstances in this case, the journey was brought within the course of employment
by the fact that the special hazard or risk resulting from requiring employees to work a
double shift was itself sufficiently substantial to be viewed as an integral part of the service
itself. The Appellees are therefore entitled to the immunity set forth in W. Va. Code §23-2-6.
Bias, 220 W. Va. 190, 640 S.E.2d 540.
Regarding Appellant's second assignment of error, Appellant asks this Court
to find that the circuit court's decision represents an unconstitutional violation of West
Virginia's Certain Remedies Clause, as its decision violated her right to seek redress. The
Certain Remedies Clause found in Article III, §17 of the West Virginia Constitution, says:
[t]he courts of this State shall be open, and every person, for an injury
done to him, in his person, property or reputation, shall have remedy by
due course of law; and justice shall be administered without sale, denial
or delay.
In assessing the merits of this argument, we find Appellant's argument wholly
unconvincing and thus summarily dismiss it.
(See footnote 16) Under the laws of West Virginia, a claim
seeking workers' compensation benefits could have been filed.
(See footnote 17) Additionally, Appellant's
case below, Civil Action No. 06-C-613, remains pending before the circuit court as a
deliberate intent case against Appellee Union Drilling. The record also reflects that
Appellant is currently pursuing a negligent entrustment theory against Linda Hall, the owner
of the vehicle, in order to obtain coverage under a homeowner's policy of insurance. Thus,
we have no reason to believe that Appellant will be left without any form of redress violating
our Certain Remedies Clause.
Lastly, Appellant asserts that the circuit court's decision violates the public
policy of this State because extending immunity for injuries which do not “result from” and
occur “in the course of” employment shields wrongful conduct from accountability. We
dispense with this argument by pointing out that by virtue of the special circumstances
herein, we find that the journey was brought within the course of employment by the fact that
the special hazard or risk resulting from requiring employees to work a double shift was itself
sufficiently substantial to be viewed as an integral part of the service itself. This holding is
consistent with our prior jurisprudence, and the jurisprudence of other states.
IV.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth herein, we find that the circuit court properly
dismissed the Appellant's common law claims against the Appellees, as Appellees were
entitled to the immunity set forth in W. Va. Code §§23-2-6 and 23-2-6a. Accordingly, the
June 21, 2007, order of the Circuit Court of Harrison County is hereby affirmed.
Affirm.
Pursuant to an administrative order entered on September 11, 2008, the Honorable
Thomas E. McHugh, Senior Status Justice, was assigned to sit as a member of the Supreme
Court of Appeals of West Virginia commencing September 12, 2008, and continuing until
the Chief Justice determines that assistance is no longer necessary, in light of the illness of
Justice Joseph P. Albright.
Footnote: 2 Appellant is the natural mother of Daniel Falls and was appointed administratrix of
his estate by the Clerk of the Harrison County Commission.
Footnote: 3 Falls and Roach were both employees of Appellee Union Drilling. The Complaint
alleges that Roach was a supervisor of Falls and was responsible for directing the activities
of Falls and other employees, which included the number of hours and work performed by
these employees.
Footnote: 4 The parties dispute the number of extra shifts Donald Roach worked. Appellant
alleges that Mr. Roach had been awake 31 of 32 hours, including working three shifts, two
of them consecutively. Appellees allege this is unsubstantiated and misleading, and that Mr.
Roach worked a “double shift”, adding only one extra shift to his regular schedule.
Footnote: 5 The accident occurred several miles from the job site on U.S. Route 250, in
Cameron, West Virginia. At the time of the accident, Mr. Roach was driving the vehicle of
his girlfriend, Linda Hall.
Footnote: 6 The Complaint alleges that Kevin Wright was employed as a Union Drilling
supervisor and was the immediate supervisor of Donald Roach.
Footnote: 7 The record before us reflects that in addition to filing the instant action, Appellant
also pursued and recovered policy limits from Donald Roach's automobile insurer on a
negligent driving claim. In exchange for policy limits, Appellant entered into a covenant not
to execute on any judgment received against Roach. The record also reflects that, to date,
Appellant has not filed a Workers' Compensation claim.
Footnote: 8 This Court originally granted review of the instant case as accepting Appellant's
petition for appeal, instead of as a writ of prohibition. However, we will note that as a
general rule “[a]n order of a trial court dismissing a complaint under the provisions of Rule
12(b)(6), with leave to amend, is in the nature of an nonappealable interlocutory order.”
Highmark West Virginia, Inc. v. Jamie, M.D., 221 W. Va. 487, 655 S.E.2d 509
(2007)(
quoting F.D. Cleckley, R.J. Davis, L.J. Palmer,
Litigation Handbook on West Virginia
Rules of Civil Procedure §12(b)(6) (Juris. Pub. 2006)). Although this interlocutory matter
is not, as a matter of procedure, technically proper before us as an appeal, because Appellees
have not raised this issue, and have addressed the issues presented herein on their merits, we
will, in our discretion, address this matter as an appeal that is properly before us. In other
contexts, we have, in our discretion, proceeded to address matters not technically appropriate
for review when the parties involved do not object.
See Syl. Pt. 3,
State v. Salmons, 203 W.
Va. 561, 509 S.E.2d 842 (1998)(when a defendant assigns an error in a criminal case for the
first time on direct appeal, the state does not object to the assignment of error and actually
briefs the matter, and the record is adequately developed on the issue, the Court may, in its
discretion, review the merits of the assignment of error).
Footnote: 9 Appellees specifically point to the following language in West Virginia Code §23-2-
6:
“[a]ny employer subject to this chapter who subscribes and pays into
the workers compensation fund the premiums provided by this chapter
or who elects to make direct payments of compensation as provided in
this section
is not liable to respond in damages at common law or by
statute for the injury or death of any employee, however occurring, after so subscribing or electing, and during any period in which the
employer is not in default in the payment of the premiums or direct
payments and has complied fully with all other provisions of this
chapter.”
W. Va. Code §23-2-6 (emphasis added).
Footnote: 10 The exceptions we enunciated in
Bias are set forth more fully above.
Footnote: 11 As stated above, this Court has previously defined the term “however occurring”,
as used in this section, to mean “an employee who is injured in the course of and as a result
of his employment, and one who, under the common-law principles of master and servant,
could have maintained an action against his employer.”
Cox v. United States Coal & Coke
Co., 80 W. Va. 295, 92 S.E. 559, 561 (1917).
Footnote: 12 Today, this same language can be found in 1
Larson Workmen's Compensation
Law §14.05 (2008).
Footnote: 13 We again observe that Appellant's deliberate intent claim remains viable below.
Footnote: 14 Thus, for purposes of satisfying the statutory requirements of West Virginia Code
23-2-6a, we find that Mr. Roach was acting in furtherance of Union Drilling's business.
Footnote: 15 In the following additional cases, employees were found to be entitled to benefits
where the employer exposed its works to the hazards of travel by requiring the employee to
work unusually long hours:
Van Devander v. Heller Elec. Co., 405 F.2d 1108, 1110
(D.C.Cir. 1968);
Hed v. Brockway Glass Co., 309 Minn. 73, 76, 244 N.W.2d 28 (1976);
Snowbarger v. Tri-County Elec. Corp., 793 S.W.2d 348, 350 (Mo. 1990);
Deland v.
Hutchings Psychiatric Ctr., 203 A.D.2d 776, 778, 611 N.Y.S.2d 44 (1994).
Footnote: 16 Herein, the record reflects that the Appellant has already recovered $100,000.00
under a negligence claim against Donald Roach arising out of his operation of Linda Hall's
vehicle.
Footnote: 17
Appellant has not been prevented from, but has simply chosen not to, pursue a
workers' compensation claim.