The appellant is Ms. Betty Tiernan. Ms. Tiernan was employed as a nurse by Charleston Area Medical Center (“CAMC”) from 1985 to 1994, when she was discharged by CAMC for the stated reason that Ms. Tiernan brought a reporter to view a televised announcement where news of a corporate merger was being presented to CAMC employees.

        In 1995, Ms. Tiernan sued CAMC in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County, claiming that CAMC had wrongfully discharged her, and thereafter had tortiously interfered with her subsequent employment.   (See footnote 1) 

        In her wrongful discharge claim, Ms. Tiernan asserted that her bringing a reporter to view the merger announcement was simply a pretext. She alleged that CAMC was actually motivated by the fact that Ms. Tiernan had, shortly before her discharge, spearheaded a campaign protesting proposed changes in CAMC's nurse staffing and employment policies and practices.

        Ms. Tiernan identified three separate legal theories as providing a legal basis for her wrongful discharge claim: (1) that CAMC violated her state constitutional rights to freedom of speech and association; (2) that her criticism of and opposition to CAMC's nurse staffing and employment policies and practices was protected by public policy; and (3) that CAMC breached a promise not to take adverse action against employees who spoke out or talked to newspaper reporters.

        In 1996, the circuit court entered summary judgment on behalf of CAMC and against Ms. Tiernan on all of her claims, theories, and grounds. This Court reviewed the circuit court's action in Tiernan v. Charleston Area Medical Center, Inc., 203 W.Va. 135, 506 S.E.2d 578 (1998) (“Tiernan I”); and affirmed in part and reversed in part the circuit court's grant of summary judgment. We held that the circuit court had properly granted summary judgment on Ms. Tiernan's state constitution-based free-speech/association wrongful discharge theory, and on her tortious interference claim.

        However, this Court reversed the circuit court's grant of summary judgment on Ms. Tiernan's two remaining wrongful discharge theories _ public policy and breach of promise _ holding that the circuit court's order granting summary judgment on those issues had not articulated the factual and legal basis for the court's decision, as required by Syllabus Point 3 of Fayette County Nat. Bank v. Lilly, 199 W.Va. 349, 484 S.E.2d 232 (1997). Tiernan I, supra, 203 W.Va. at 150-151, 506 S.E.2d at 593-594.

        On remand, the circuit court entered an order granting summary judgment for CAMC on Ms. Tiernan's two remaining theories, this time setting forth the court's reasoning. It is this decision by the circuit court that we review in the instant case; we present the pertinent facts in the body of our discussion.   (See footnote 2) 

        This Court's review of a trial court's grant of summary judgment is de novo. Syllabus Point 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W.Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994).

                        

 
        As recounted at length in Tiernan I, Ms. Tiernan was a highly skilled employee with an unblemished and exemplary nine-year employment record of hard work, leadership, and excellence in communication and work performance. In the winter of 1993- 94, Ms. Tiernan was a leader in an apparently substantially successful campaign of opposition to certain proposed changes in CAMC's nurse staffing and employment policies and practices. Ms. Tiernan and others believed that these policies and practices would adversely affect nurses' economic well-being, personal lives, and professional interests _ and, she contends, could also adversely affect patient safety and well-being.

        The active phase of the campaign lasted for a number of weeks. It involved letters to the editor and stories in the newspaper, discussions at CAMC staff meetings, and other activities. As previously noted, it appears that a number of proposed changes in nurse staffing and employment policies were either not implemented or modified, at least in part as a result of the campaign, and particularly, Ms. Tiernan's efforts.

        Several weeks after the campaign had somewhat abated, Ms. Tiernan was fired. CAMC's stated reason for the firing was the fact that on the day that she was fired, Ms. Tiernan invited a newspaper reporter to accompany Ms. Tiernan to view an internally televised announcement, in a CAMC building, regarding a CAMC corporate merger.   (See footnote 3)  Ms. Tiernan contends that this stated reason was pretextual, and that the conduct that actually underlay and motivated her firing was her criticism of CAMC's nurse staffing and employment policies and practices, and her role in spearheading the campaign to oppose those policies and practices _ including talking to the media about her complaints.   (See footnote 4) 

        We have recognized in numerous employment law cases that such “motive” issues ordinarily present classic questions of fact. For example, in Hanlon v. Chambers, 195 W.Va. 99, 113, 464 S.E.2d 741, 755 (1995), we stated:

        Because of the obvious temporal proximity of the discharge to the protected activity, the plaintiff stated a prima facie case. The defendant's response that her discharge was the result of the recommendation of an expert management consultant simply put the matter of motive at issue. The plaintiff must have an opportunity to show that the proffered explanation was pretextual or that a retaliatory motive at least contributed to the discharge decision. Obviously, these matters raise substantial factual issues.
        CAMC, while asserting that only the reporter incident had anything to do with Ms. Tiernan's firing, does not dispute the general principle that the resolution of such motive issues in wrongful discharge claims is ordinarily for the finder of fact.

        CAMC argues, however, that even if it is assumed arguendo that Ms. Tiernan's firing was motivated in whole or substantial part by Ms. Tiernan's activity in spearheading a campaign criticizing CAMC's nurse staffing and employment policies and practices _ that her discharge would still not be actionable. CAMC argues that this is so because there is no evidence that Ms. Tiernan's criticisms involved assertions that patient safety would be adversely affected by the policies and practices _ and that only criticism that raises such “patient-safety” concerns may be recognized as protected by law.

        CAMC bases its argument upon our decision in Tudor v. Charleston Area Medical Center, Inc., 203 W.Va. 111, 506 S.E.2d 554 (1997), where we recognized that adverse employment actions taken in reaction to criticisms of nurse staffing policies and practices _ criticisms that are based on the allegation that the policies and practices would threaten patient safety _ may be actionable. In Tudor, we held that Ms. Jana Lynn Tudor, a nurse who complained about nurse staffing practices at CAMC, was protected by a substantial “public policy” principle that is articulated at W.Va. C.S.R. 64-12-19.2.4, designed to insure that “. . . patients are protected from inadequate staffing practices[.]” Tudor, 203 W.Va. at 124, 506 S.E.2d at 567.

        The Syllabus of Harless v. First Nat'l Bank, 162 W.Va. 116, 246 S.E.2d 270 (1978) states:

         The rule that an employer has an absolute right to discharge an at will employee must be tempered by the principle that where the employer's motivation for the discharge is to contravene some substantial public policy principle, then the employer may be liable to the employee for damages occasioned by this discharge.

        Syllabus Point 5 of Tudor v. Charleston Area Medical Center, Inc., 506 S.E.2d 554, 203 W.Va. 111, states:

         West Virginia Code of State Regulations § 64-12-14.2.4 (1987) sets forth a specific statement of a substantial public policy which contemplates that a hospital unit will be properly staffed to accommodate the regulation's directive; to ensure that patients are protected from inadequate staffing practices; and to assure that medical care is provided to hospital patients, especially children and young adolescents, who must depend upon others to protect their medical interests and needs.

        We stated in Tudor that whether Ms. Tudor “was (constructively) discharged for bringing attention to a [nurse] staffing practice [that created a substantial danger to the safety of the public] is . . . a factual determination. . . .” Tudor, 506 S.E.2d at 567, n.30, 203 W.Va. at 124, n.30; and we upheld a jury verdict in Ms. Tudor's favor on her wrongful discharge claim.

        In the instant case, the circuit court agreed with CAMC's argument; the court concluded that in response to CAMC's motion for summary judgment, Ms. Tiernan did not point to any evidence that would permit a fact-finder to conclude that her criticism and campaign raised patient safety issues.

        “A motion for summary judgment should be granted only when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of fact to be tried and inquiry concerning the facts is not desirable to clarify the application of the law.” Syllabus Point 3, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Federal Insurance Co. of New York, 148 W.Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963).

        Courts considering motions for summary judgment “must draw any permissible inference from the underlying facts in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.” Painter v. Peavy, 192 W.Va. ___, 192, 451 S.E.2d ___, 758. “Summary judgment should be denied 'even where there is no dispute as to the evidentiary facts in the case but only as to the conclusions to be drawn therefrom.'” Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194 W.Va. 52, 59, 459 S.E.2d 329, 336 (1995), quoting Pierce v. Ford Motor Co., 190 F.2d 910, 915 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 342 U.S. 887, 72 S.Ct. 178, 96 L.Ed. 666 (1951).

        As Justice Cleckley stated in the similar context of an employment discrimination case, Conrad v. ARA Szabo, 198 W.Va. 362, ___, 480 S.E.2d 801, 809 (1996):

         In Hanlon v. Chambers, 195 W.Va. 99, 464 S.E.2d 741 (1995), we cautioned circuit courts to be particularly careful in granting summary judgment in employment discrimination cases. Although we refuse to hold that simply because motive is involved that summary judgment is unavailable, the issue of discriminatory animus is generally a question of fact for the trier of fact, especially where a prima facie case exists. The issue does not become a question of law unless only one conclusion could be drawn from the record in the case. In an employment discrimination context, the employer must persuade the court that even if all of the inferences that could reasonably be drawn from the evidentiary materials of the record were viewed in the light most favorable to the employee, no reasonable jury could find for the plaintiff.

        Thus, the narrow issue that was before the circuit court and is before this Court is whether Ms. Tiernan, in responding to CAMC's motion for summary judgment, pointed to evidence that _ viewed in the light most favorable to Ms. Tiernan, and without engaging in a weighing process _ would permit a fact-finder to conclude that Ms. Tiernan's criticisms and campaign raised issues of patient safety.

        On this issue, we turn to this Court's opinion in Tudor, where we discussed at some length the circuit court's admitting into evidence an evidentiary deposition by Ms. Tiernan _ on behalf of Ms. Tudor in her case. In that deposition, Ms. Tiernan testified about her criticisms of CAMC nurse staffing policies. We stated in Tudor that Ms. Tudor had offered the Tiernan deposition to show:

        1. That similar to Jana Tudor, Betty Tiernan was formerly employed as a nurse by CAMC.
        2. That similar to Jana Tudor, Betty Tiernan voiced complaints to CAMC about unsafe staffing practices on her unit.
        3. That similar to Jana Tudor, Betty Tiernan's complaints related to the practice of assigning only one nurse on a unit.
        4. That similar to Jana Tudor, Betty Tiernan was forced to leave her employment within a few months after making these staffing complaints.
        5. That similar to Jana Tudor, Betty Tiernan subsequently encountered difficulties in finding other nursing employment in the Kanawha Valley area.

Tudor, supra, 203 W.Va. at 128-129, 506 S.E.2d at 571-572. (Emphasis added.)

        In Tudor, CAMC argued that the Tiernan deposition should not have been admitted into evidence. We concluded, however, that the trial court had properly admitted Ms. Tiernan's deposition into evidence as Rule 404(b) “other acts” evidence of motive _ because the deposition was offered to show Ms. Tiernan's “complaints to CAMC about unsafe staffing practices on her unit” and an adverse employment action by CAMC following those complaints. Id.

        Our ruling in Tudor approving the court's admission of Ms. Tiernan's deposition into evidence, as relevant evidence tending to show CAMC's motive in Ms. Tudor's case, was necessarily based on the conclusion that CAMC's actions toward Ms. Tiernan could be seen by the jury as also being violative of the public policy protecting “unsafe staffing practices” criticisms _ the improper motive that was being asserted by Ms. Tudor. If Ms. Tiernan's deposition could not be seen as showing at least inferentially this motive by CAMC, the deposition would not have been admissible in Tudor. Moreover, the Tiernan deposition itself provides direct testimonial evidence to the effect that Ms. Tiernan raised complaints of unsafe staffing practices by CAMC.

        In the instant case, Ms. Tiernan's deposition testimony from Tudor was before the circuit court when it was considering CAMC's motion for summary judgment. Therefore, consistent with our prior ruling in Tudor, Ms. Tiernan's deposition testimony from Tudor must be viewed at a minimum as permitting a finding that Ms. Tiernan's criticisms of CAMC nurse staffing and employment policies and practices raised concerns about patient safety.   (See footnote 5) 

        In light of our holding in Tudor that Ms. Tiernan's deposition was admissible in Ms. Tudor's case to show that in another instance CAMC had acted adversely to an employee who had raised “unsafe staffing” concerns; in light of the other evidence that raising patient safety concerns was part of Ms. Tiernan's criticisms and campaign; and in light of the principle that all permissible inferences must be given to the non-movant in a summary judgment determination, we conclude that the circuit court's determination that there was no evidence showing that Ms. Tiernan raised patient safety concerns must be viewed as erroneous.

        This is not to say that a jury could not conclude that Ms. Tiernan's criticisms and the campaign that she spearheaded had nothing to do with her firing, and that the sole reason and motivation for her termination was her action in bringing a reporter to view the televised announcement. But under the record that was presented to the circuit court in the context of CAMC's motion for summary judgment, these are clearly disputed factual issues for a jury to resolve, and summary judgment on Ms. Tiernan's public policy wrongful discharge theory and claim was therefore improper.

 
        Ms. Tiernan also asserts that her discharge was in breach of a specific promise made by her employer. She asserts that this promise is enforceable under the doctrine of promissory or equitable estoppel. Specifically, Ms. Tiernan alleges that a CAMC management representative stated, at a meeting that Ms. Tiernan attended, that “nurses had every right to speak to newspaper reporters and that he would not retaliate if they [nurses] chose to speak up.” Ms. Tiernan says that she relied upon these assurances.

        This Court has recognized that under certain circumstances, employers may be bound by promises that they make to their employees. See, e.g., Cook v. Heck's, 176 W.Va. 368, 342 S.E.2d 453 (1986) (promises made in employee handbook may be legally binding). In Syllabus Point 3 of Adkins v. Inco Alloys Intern., Inc., 187 W.Va. 219, 417 S.E.2d 910 (1992), we held that:

         Where an employee seeks to establish a permanent employment contract or other substantial employment right, either through an express promise by the employer or by implication from the employer's personnel manual, policies, or custom and practice, such claim must be established by clear and convincing evidence. [emphasis added].     
   
        We have also held that:

        [e]quitable estoppel cannot arise merely because of action taken by one on a misleading statement made by another. In addition thereto, it must appear that the one who made the statement intended or reasonably should have expected that the statement would be acted upon by the one claiming the benefit of estoppel, and that he, without fault himself, did act upon it to his prejudice.

Syllabus Point 4, Barnett v. Wolfolk, 149 W.Va. 246, 140 S.E.2d 466 (1965).

        Thus, to prevail on such a claim in the instant case, Ms. Tiernan would have to persuade a fact-finder: (1) by clear and convincing evidence, that CAMC made an express promise to its employees that they would suffer no retaliation or adverse action for speaking out and/or talking to newspaper reporters in connection with the campaign in opposition to nurse staffing and employment policies; and that CAMC intended or reasonably should have expected that such a promise would be relied and/or acted upon by an employee like Ms. Tiernan; and (2) by a preponderance of the evidence, that Ms. Tiernan, being without fault herself, reasonably relied on that promise by CAMC, which reliance led to her discharge; and that in discharging Ms. Tiernan, CAMC breached that promise.

         In light of the standard for evaluating motions for summary judgment, where a weighing of the evidence is not ordinarily germane, we conclude that Ms. Tiernan has pointed to sufficient evidence that would allow a fact-finder to make the above findings. Therefore, her claim can survive a motion for summary judgment on this theory; and the order of summary judgment granted against Ms. Tiernan on her wrongful discharge claim based on a breach of promise theory should likewise be reversed.
    

        The circuit court's order of summary judgment on Ms. Tiernan's wrongful discharge claims is reversed, and this case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Reversed and Remanded.