Parrish McKittrick                                                    Beverly S. Selby
Germantown, MD                                                    Charleston, WV
Attorney for the Respondent,                                 Guardian Ad Litem for
Stephen C. M.                                                             Jordan David U.

JUSTICE ALBRIGHT delivered the Opinion of the Court.

        1. “In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of prohibition for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only where it is claimed that the lower tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1) whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower tribunal's order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4) whether the lower tribunal's order is an oft repeated error or manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal's order raises new and important problems or issues of law of first impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law, should be given substantial weight.” Syl. Pt. 4, State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W. Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996).
    
        2. “A putative biological father must prove by clear and convincing evidence the following factors before he will have standing to raise the issue of paternity of a child born to a married woman who is not his wife: (1) that he has developed a parent-child relationship with the child in question, and (2) that the child will not be harmed by allowing the paternity action to proceed.” Syl. Pt. 6, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996).

        3. “Although an unwed father's biological link to his child does not, in and of itself, guarantee him a constitutional stake in his relationship with that child, such a link combined with a substantial parent-child relationship will do so. When an unwed father demonstrates a full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood by coming forward to participate in the rearing of his child, his interest in personal contact with his child acquires substantial protection under the Due Process Clause in Section 10 of Article III of the West Virginia Constitution.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996).

        4. “In the absence of special circumstances which would justify an exception, a petition by a putative biological father seeking to establish his paternity over a child who was born while the mother was married to another man may not proceed unless the putative father clearly and convincingly proves as a threshold matter that he has established a substantial paternal relationship with the child. The putative father's showing need not be made, however, if no person or party (named or intervening and including the guardian ad litem) contests the petition.” Syl. Pt. 3, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996).

        5. “When a putative biological father raises a paternity claim, the child must be joined and a guardian ad litem appointed. The circuit court should conduct a preliminary hearing to determine whether the requisite preconditions are present. In addition, the preeminent factor in deciding whether to grant or deny blood testing is the child's best interests. The analysis of each factual situation is necessarily a discretionary decision for the circuit court, and the finding by the circuit court will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.” Syl. Pt. 7, State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996).

        6. The “substantial relationship” inquiry serves a dual role in evaluating issues of paternity and appropriate visitation rights. It serves a gatekeeping role in determinations regarding a putative father's standing to raise the issue of paternity and must be proven as a prerequisite to permitting the action by the putative father, as explained in State ex rel. Roy Allen S. v. Stone, 196 W. Va. 624, 474 S.E.2d 554 (1996). Additionally, the existence of such a relationship serves as an issue to be examined with regard to the best interests of the child. In such best interest analysis, the existence of a substantial relationship would be one of many factors to be evaluated, significant but not dispositive.

        7. Where paternity has been established and the best interests of a child regarding visitation with the biological father are being evaluated, the child's opinions and desires may be considered by the trial court, construed in light of the child's age, maturity level, and ability to make an independent judgment.

Albright, Justice:

        Jeanne U.See footnote 1 ¹ (hereinafter “Appellant”) seeks a writ of prohibition against The Honorable Herman Canady of the Circuit Court of Kanawha County to prevent the enforcement of an August 22, 2000, order directing that the Appellant's twelve-year-old son, Jordan, be told that Stephen M. is his biological father and ordering that Stephen M. be permitted to have visitation with Jordan thereafter. The Appellant contends that the determinations of the lower court should not be enforced because she was deprived of an opportunity to testify regarding what she perceived to be the best interests of her son. Having reviewed the arguments of counsel and briefs in this case, this Court grants the writ, as moulded.

        Stephen M. contends that the Appellant informed him of the pregnancy and that he offered his full financial support to the Appellant on March 23, 1989, prior to the birth of the child. In April 1989, Stephen M. and his wife contacted an attorney for the purpose of pursuing proceedings to declare Stephen M. the biological father and securing visitation. The attorney allegedly referred Stephen M. to another attorney, and Stephen M. was ultimately advised that he had no legal standing to pursue an action for paternity since the Appellant was married to another man.

        Jordan U. was born on May 27, 1989. On May 28, 1989, Stephen M. and his wife visited Jordan in the hospital, upon the Appellant's invitation. Stephen M. sent a letter and some baby clothing to David U. on May 30, 1989, and advised David U. that Stephen M. wished to be declared Jordan's natural father and to support the child.

        While the parties' recollection of the progression of visitation between Stephen M. and Jordan differs, Stephen M. testified that he visited with Jordan on numerous occasions from Jordan's birth until late 1990.See footnote 2 ² Visitation resumed in early 1992 subsequent to the Appellant's divorce from her husband, David U. Stephen M. paid the Appellant approximately $100.00 per week from February 1992 through March 1993.See footnote 3 ² The Appellant began refusing support payments in March 1993, and there has been no visitation between Jordan and Stephen M. from 1993 to the present.

        The Appellant apparently stopped allowing visitation when Stephen M. requested a family law master hearing in March 1993 to determine whether blood tests could be performed to prove that he was Jordan's biological father. Stephen M. continued, unsuccessfully, to pursue litigation from 1993 to 1997.See footnote 4 ³

        In early 1997, Stephen M. filed a declaratory judgment action in the lower court, seeking to be adjudicated as Jordan's biological father and to establish visitation and support provisions. On November 6, 1997, Judge Canady appointed attorney Beverly Selby as guardian ad litem for Jordan. On May 21, 1998, a stipulation was entered in which the Appellant, David U., and Stephen M. stipulated that Stephen M. was the biological father of Jordan.

        Ms. Selby filed a guardian ad litem report on May 26, 1998, indicating that although there were differences in recollection between Jeanne U. and Stephen M. regarding the number and length of visitations, several visits had occurred and a substantial relationship between Stephen M. and Jordan had been established. On May 28, 1998, Judge Canady held a hearing at which Stephen M. was permitted to testify regarding his substantial relationship with Jordan prior to the cessation of visitation when Jordan was three years old. Judge Canady denied the Appellant's request to testify regarding her recollection of the visitation progression or her contemplation regarding the best interests of her son.

        On June 18, 1998, Judge Canady entered an order explaining that although the Appellant requested the opportunity to testify at the May 28, 1998, hearing, Judge Canady denied the request because he found it “was unnecessary considering the unimpeachable Exhibits in the form of many, many pictures and the testimony of the Petitioner concerning his pattern of visitation with his son.” The June 18, 1998, order further provided that Dr. Jeffrey Harlow, child psychologist, would be appointed to conduct an investigation of whether disclosure to Jordan would be harmful and to facilitate a visitation schedule between Stephen M. and Jordan. The order also provided that the parties had stipulated that they would be bound by the recommendations of Dr. Harlow.

        On March 24, 2000, Dr. Harlow submitted a report finding that Jordan should be told that Stephen M. is his biological father and recommending visitation between Jordan and Stephen M. Dr. Harlow also found that visitation should be facilitated through a psychologist, and recommended Marilyn Cassis to serve in that capacity. Dr. Harlow also recommended that Jordan continue visitation with his legal father, David U., and that Jordan continue to reside the majority of time with his mother.

        On August 22, 2000, the lower court entered an order incorporating the recommendations of Dr. Harlow by reference and finding that those recommendations were in the best interest of Jordan. The order held that Jordan should be told that Stephen M. is his father, in accordance with the recommendations of Dr. Harlow and Ms. Selby, and that the visitation recommendations contained in Dr. Harlow's report should be initiated.

        Judge Canady appointed Marilyn Cassis on October 26, 2000, as a visitation coordinator to assist with the visitation between Jordan and Stephen M. On April 2, 2001, Ms. Cassis informed Ms. Selby that the Appellant continued to refuse to inform Jordan that Stephen M. was his natural father.

        On May 18, 2001, the Appellant filed this Petition for a Writ of Prohibition, pro se,See footnote 5 ⁴ to prevent enforcement of the August 22, 2000, order, alleging she was improperly deprived of an opportunity to be heard on the issue of the best interests of her son. Subsequent to the filing in this Court, the Appellant informed Jordan that Stephen M. was his biological father. The Appellant explained in oral argument to this Court that although she informed her son that Stephen M. was his biological father, she still maintains that it is not in Jordan's best interest to initiate the visitation envisioned in Dr. Harlow's report.

In syllabus point three of Roy Allen S., this Court explained its reasoning for application of those two prerequisites to standing:

            In the absence of special circumstances which would justify an exception, a petition by a putative biological father seeking to establish his paternity over a child who was born while the mother was married to another man may not proceed unless the putative father clearly and convincingly proves as a threshold matter that he has established a substantial paternal relationship with the child. The putative father's showing need not be made, however, if no person or party (named or intervening and including the guardian ad litem) contests the petition.

196 W. Va. at 626, 474 S.E.2d at 556 (emphasis supplied). Syllabus point seven of Roy Allen S. further provides:

            When a putative biological father raises a paternity claim, the child must be joined and a guardian ad litem appointed. The circuit court should conduct a preliminary hearing to determine whether the requisite preconditions are present. In addition, the preeminent factor in deciding whether to grant or deny blood testing is the child's best interests. The analysis of each factual situation is necessarily a discretionary decision for the circuit court, and the finding by the circuit court will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion.
Id.

          Roy Allen S. also explains that a finding, or in this case a stipulation, of paternity does not end the inquiry. “Even if he proves paternity, he still is not necessarily entitled to intrude further into the marital family (if it has survived) or into existing child- parent relationships, including any relationship that has developed between the presumed father and the child . . .” 196 W. Va. at 636, 474 S.E.2d at 566. “A finding of paternity would only entitle the natural father to an opportunity to request to invoke his parental rights; in response, it would remain for the circuit court to determine issues of visitation, custody, etc., based on the best interests of the child.” Id.
    

        The lower court recognized this distinction between Roy Allen S. and this case, based upon the existence of the stipulation, and questioned whether a hearing was necessary.See footnote 7 ⁶ Out of an “abundance of caution,” the court chose to allow Stephen M. to testify to prove that he and Jordan had established a substantial relationship. The court denied the Appellant's request to testify at that hearing, and the Appellant was never subsequently granted an opportunity to testify regarding her perception of the best interests of her son. The Appellant's proffered testimony would have encompassed both the substantial relationship and best interest issues. We view the lower court's resulting order as transferring the determination of the best interests of the child to a psychologist, upon the parties stipulation, and proceeding toward a final best interests determination without the benefit of the Appellant's testimony.

        In evaluating this matter, it appears that the “substantial relationship” inquiry serves a dual role in evaluating issues of paternity and appropriate visitation rights. It serves a gatekeeping role in determinations regarding a putative father's standing to raise the issue of paternity and must be proven as a prerequisite to permitting the action by the putative father, as explained in Roy Allen S. Additionally, the existence of such a relationship serves as an issue to be examined with regard to the best interests of the child. In such best interest analysis, the existence of a substantial relationship would be one of many factors to be evaluated, significant but not dispositive.
    
    

        In attempting to fashion an appropriate remedy, this Court must endeavor to formulate redress to rectify the predicament as it currently exists, evaluating this situation within the following context: the lower court's acceptance of testimony on the issue of “substantial relationship” from Stephen M.; its concurrent refusal to permit the Appellant's testimony on the issue of the best interests of her son; the absence of any meaningful judicial evaluation and determination regarding the best interests of the child; and the changed circumstances occasioned by the Appellant's revelation to her son of the truth regarding his biological father.

        This Court accordingly remands this matter to the learned trial court for an examination of the issue of visitation in light of Jordan's best interests. An evidentiary hearing should be conducted, and the testimony of the parties and all other pertinent witnesses should be taken regarding Jordan's best interests. The analysis of Jordan's best interests must necessarily include, among other issues deemed appropriate by the lower court, consideration of Jordan's concerns and preferences. While Jordan is not yet fourteen years of age, his age and maturity level should be considered, and his desires concerning visitation with his biological father must be examined. While he was vigorously represented by a guardian ad litem, he was not personally involved in the underlying determinations and had not been informed that Mr. M. was his biological father during the pendency of this action below. We have before us his mother's representations as to his preferences. We believe, however, that based upon the drastically changed circumstances and Jordan's age, Jordan's personal opinions and his maturity to reach such conclusions should be evaluated on remand. Where paternity has been established and the best interests of a child regarding visitation with the biological father are being evaluated, the child's opinions and desires may be considered by the trial court, construed in light of the child's age, maturity level, and ability to make an independent judgment. Additionally, the court should afford the Appellant and other parties an opportunity to be heard in a complete evidentiary hearing on the best interests issue.

        We share the trial court's view that the opinions of the parties, the guardian ad litem,See footnote 8 ⁷ and psychological and other experts, if any, should be considered in deciding the visitation questions presented here. However, the trial court retains the ultimate power of disposition in this case, and the best interests determination must be rendered by the court exercising its independent judgment and the court's judicial power.See footnote 9 ⁸ As this Court has so frequently emphasized, the best interests of the child is the polar star by which all matters affecting children must be guided. See Syl. Pt. 7, In re Brian D., 194 W. Va. 623, 461 S.E.2d 129 (1995) (“Cases involving children must be decided not just in the context of competing sets of adults' rights, but also with a regard for the rights of the child(ren).”); Michael K.T. v. Tina L.T., 182 W. Va. 399, 405, 387 S.E.2d 866, 872 (1989) (“[T]he best interests of the child is the polar star by which decisions must be made which affect children.”).See footnote 10 ⁹

        We recognize that the task of the trial court is particularly difficult where, as appears here, the deeply-felt emotions of the parties may cloud their judgment and perspective, leaving the court no happy or easy choices. Nevertheless, we repose confidence in the trial judge to hear the evidence and determine the best course for this child. We invite all of the litigants to fully cooperate with the terms of the order ultimately made by the court below, for the benefit of Jordan and all concerned.
    
        Based upon the foregoing, we grant the requested writ of prohibition, as moulded, and remand this matter to the lower court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
    

            Although an unwed father's biological link to his child does not, in and of itself, guarantee him a constitutional stake in his relationship with that child, such a link combined with a substantial parent-child relationship will do so. When an unwed father demonstrates a full commitment to the responsibilities of parenthood by coming forward to participate in the rearing of his child, his interest in personal contact with his child acquires substantial protection under the Due Process Clause in Section 10 of Article III of the West Virginia Constitution.

Petitioner to prove a substantial relationship with the child. However, in this case, the Respondents and the Guardian Ad Litem, by her report, do not now contest the paternity of the Petitioner, Stephen [M.] and, in fact, have signed an agreement and stipulation that Stephen [M.] is the biological father of Jordan [U.] Does this mean the biological father does not now have the burden to prove a substantial relationship with the infant child . . . Well, it is the ruling of this court that it is not necessary for the Petitioner to now show a substantial relationship with the infant child since paternity has now been established by the lack of objection of the Respondents and in view of the agreement and stipulation that the biological father is, in fact, Stephen [M.] However, out of an abundance of caution this court required the Petitioner to present enough evidence to show such substantial relationship.

to those the child would make to the court, left entirely to his or her own choices. However, in the case of a child, justice is clearly best served by requiring that counsel and the court exercise their respective best judgment in all aspects of the case, and that the court have the benefit of counsel's candid and independent assistance in ascertaining the best interests of that child.

Id. at ___, 473 S.E.2d at 124. See generally, In re Jeffrey R. L., 190 W. Va. 24, 435 S.E.2d 162 (1993); In re Scottie D., 185 W. Va. 191, 406 S.E.2d 214 (1991).