McGraw, C.J., concurring:
I concur with the majority
opinion's conclusion that the circuit court did not err in refusing to give
a comparative negligence instruction to the jury. Also, having examined the
record in its totality, I believe that appellant St. Mary's Hospital was not
entitled to a new trial on the basis of a single comment by appellee's counsel
during closing argument.
During appellee's initial
closing argument, counsel indicated that if Brian Rowe was a horse,
I could come in here and say, Well, that horse's leg's worth_a Kentucky Derby
winner, millions and millions of dollars. You wouldn't have any problem. This
young man is certainly worth as much as a horse.
Appellant
did not contemporaneously object to this statement. My dissenting colleagues
suggest that the appellant's counsel did not need to contemporaneously object,
concluding that of the West Virginia Trial Court Rule
23.04(b) disfavors
objections by counsel during closing arguments. Lacy v. CSX Transp.
Inc., 205 W. Va. 630, 639, 520 S.E.2d 418, 427 (1999). I must point
out at the outset that in Lacy the challenging party had previously objected by way of
a motion in limine, and the Court merely indicated that in such context
a contemporaneous objection was unnecessary and, as a result, disfavored under
Rule 23.04(b). The Court
in
Lacy
by no means suggested or implied
that the longstanding requirement of a contemporaneous objection was abrogated
by adoption of Rule 23.04(b). Appellant argues that it
could not fairly object to appellee's argument without drawing it undue attention.
The problem with this position is that the record shows that appellant's counsel
was ready, willing, and able to contemporaneously object to other comments
made by appellee's counsel. The record reflects that, subsequent to appellee's
racehorse analogy, the following occurred in front of the jury:
Furthermore, while the record
suggests that appellant's counsel made some objection to the racehorse analogy
to the circuit court before beginning his own closing argument, we do not know
the substance of this argument. More importantly, we do not know what relief_if
any_that appellant sought. My dissenting colleagues
suggest that defense counsel approached the bench and motioned for a
mistrial. I do not believe the record supports this interpretation of
the record. Instead, I believe the record shows that appellant's counsel waited
until after the jury was deliberating before seeking relief_and then, instead
of attempting to cure the error, sought the ultimate sanction of a mistrial.
The record, and the dissenting opinion, shows the following discussion occurred
after the jury retired to begin its deliberations:
Using
the analogy of a Kentucky Derby winning horse, that if it had a damaged leg
would be worth millions, and urging the jury to award to the plaintiff in this
case likewise. We believe that is reversible error and I want to preserve my
objection for it.
Our case law makes it clear
that Appellant could have made
a timely objection to appellee's closing argument, as was apparent by appellant's
lone objection to another comment made at trial. Appellant chose to wait until
after appellee completed his initial closing, and then appears to have only
made an objection. Appellant did not seek an instruction to the jury to disregard
the remark_instead, the record may be read to suggest that appellant waited
until after the jury retired to deliberate to ask the circuit court for a
mistrial. On this record, the majority
properly refused to examine the effect this remark by appellee's counsel may
have had upon the jury's deliberations. My dissenting colleagues
state that appellee's racehorse analogy without question, influenced
the jury to return a verdict for the plaintiff in the amount of $880,186.00.
I believe that, without an understanding of appellee's injuries, this statement
unfairly ignores the evidence of appellee's injuries. The record firmly supports
appellee's verdict. Appellee was admitted to the emergency room of appellant
St. Mary's Hospital, and misdiagnosed with a sprain to his knee. For two and
a half hours, nurses could not find a pulse in appellee's leg_yet he was released
to go home. The next day, appellee was admitted to the emergency room of Cabell Huntington Hospital, and diagnosed
as having a laceration to an artery in his knee. Within three hours, he was
in surgery to repair the artery. Appellee was hospitalized
for 35 days, and left with massive scarring, nerve damage, a stiff ankle,
a foot that he drags, a need for leg braces for the rest of his life. Because
the leg braces force him to walk crooked, he is thrown off balance_and his
back is now in constant pain. He can't walk properly, he can't sleep because
of the pain and difficulty maintaining a comfortable posture, he can't run,
he can't play sports. He can't even carry his young children up the stairs
because he cannot maintain his balance. I believe the jury in the
instant case was properly entrusted to determine the value of appellee's leg.
Even removing appellee's closing argument from the equation, the record amply
supports the jury's verdict. I therefore respectfully
concur with the majority's opinion.
Mr. Levine: Ladies and Gentlemen
of the Jury, this case cries out for justice. It cries out for justice for
two reasons. One, because he deserves it. And the other because we, as a society,
need for you to tell hospitals you can't neglect us. You can't put commercials
on TV and say We are a healing place.
Mr. Farrell: Objection, your
Honor.
In this instance, appellant's counsel properly interrupted argument
by opposing counsel . . . [as was] necessary to bring to the court's attention
objection to any statement to the jury made by opposing counsel and to obtain
a ruling on such objection. W. Va. Trial Ct. R. 23.04(b).
The Court: . . . Mr. Farrell,
you made an objection at the conclusion of the opening part of Mr. Levine's
closing argument. Do you_I will state that that was done after the comment.
Of course, the comments are always made before you can object, but it was
made at the closing of his argument and not at the time of the comments.
Do you have any motions or
things to say in that regard?
Mr. Farrell: Yes, your Honor.
I would like to place on the record my objection that at the conclusion of
the first half of Mr. Levine's closing argument, I approached the Court and
informed the Court that I objected to Mr. Levine's argument concerning urging
to jury to award damages based upon his comparison of what a Kentucky Derby
winning horse and the horse's leg would be worth. . . .
The record then shows the following discussion occurred:
The Court: Mr. Levine, what
do you have to say?
Mr. Levine: I don't think_if
it came out that way, I didn't mean it to. But I think that the cure would have
been to object at the time it was made and to have a curative instruction. I
think Mr. Farrell_and he did object during part of the argument. I don't think
I said it that way. . . .
The Court: Well, because of
prior case law in this state with a Kentucky Derby winner or horse race is used,
it is the prime example they used for improper argument . . . by use of a formula.
I noted it . . . I don't know that it approached an improper comparison, but
at least enough to raise an eyebrow and take the motion. I don't know how to
cure it except to say disregard it, which brings attention to it.
It appears that, at this point, counsel for appellant first made a motion for
relief_and instead of asking for a curative instruction, asked for a mistrial:
Mr. Farrell: Your Honor, at
this time we would move for a mistrial based upon improper argument.
The Court: Do you want me to
declare a mistrial?
Mr. Farrell: Yes, your Honor.
The Court: Motion denied. May
be renewed. But it's denied.
Failure
to make timely and proper objection to remarks of counsel made in the presence
of the jury, during the trial of a case, constitutes a waiver of the right to
raise the question thereafter either in the trial court or in the appellate
court.
Accord, syl. pt. 2, State v. Adkins, 209 W. Va. 212, 544
S.E.2d 914 (2001) (per curiam); syl.
pt. 3, Finley v. Norfolk
& Western Ry. Co., 208 W. Va. 276, 540 S.E.2d 144 (1999) (per curiam);
syl. pt. 1,
State v. Garrett, 195 W. Va. 630, 466 S.E.2d 481 (1995); syl. pt.
5, Tennant v. Marion Health Care Foundation, Inc., 194 W. Va.
97, 459 S.E.2d 374 (1995). Similarly, we stated in syllabus point six of McCullough
v. Clark, 88 W. Va.
22, 106 S.E. 61 (1921):
This
court will not consider errors predicated upon the abuse of counsel of the privilege
of argument, unless it appears that the complaining party asked for and was
refused an instruction to the jury to disregard the improper remarks, and duly
excepted to such refusal.
Accord, Finley v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 208 W. Va.
276, 282, 540 S.E.2d 144, 150 (1999) (per curiam); syl.
pt. 4, Skibo v. Shamrock
Co., Ltd., 202 W. Va. 361, 504 S.E.2d 188 (1998) (per curiam); syl.
pt. 10, Pasquale v. Ohio
Power Co., 187 W. Va. 292, 418 S.E.2d 738 (1992). Our statement in
Lacy v. CSX Transportation, Inc., supra_that objections during closing
arguments are disfavored where the challenging party has already
sought and obtained a ruling in limine on an anticipated line of argument_did
nothing to alter these requirements.