John P. Adams                                                                Pamela Jean Games-Neely
Thomas L. Stanley                                                         Berkeley County
Public Defender Corporation                                        Prosecuting Attorney
Martinsburg, West Virginia                                          Christopher C. Quasebarth
Attorneys for the Petitioner                                          Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
                                                                                        Martinsburg, West Virginia
                                                                                        Attorneys for the Respondent

The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.

    1.    “In determining whether to grant a rule to show cause in prohibition when a court is not acting in excess of its jurisdiction, this Court will look to the adequacy of other available remedies such as appeal and to the over-all economy of effort and money among the litigants, lawyers and courts; however, this Court will use prohibition in this discretionary way to correct only substantial, clear cut, legal errors plainly in contravention of a clear statutory, constitutional, or common law mandate which may be resolved independently of any disputed facts and only in cases where there is a high probability that the trial will be completely reversed if the error is not corrected in advance.” Syllabus point 1, Hinkle v. Black, 164 W. Va. 112, 262 S.E.2d 744 (1979).

        2.    “The determination of what is good cause, pursuant to W. Va. Code § 62-3-1, for a continuance of a trial beyond the term of indictment is in the sound discretion of the trial court[.]” Syllabus point 2, in part, State ex rel. Shorter v. Hey, 170 W. Va. 249, 294 S.E.2d 51 (1981).

        3.    “Where the trial court is of the opinion that the state has deliberately or oppressively sought to delay a trial beyond the term of indictment and such delay has resulted in substantial prejudice to the accused, the trial court may, pursuant to W. Va. Code § 62-3-1, finding that no good cause was shown to continue the trial, dismiss the indictment with prejudice, and in so doing the trial court should exercise extreme caution and should dismiss an indictment pursuant to W. Va. Code § 62-3-1, only in furtherance of the prompt administration of justice.” Syllabus point 4, State ex rel. Shorter v. Hey, 170 W. Va. 249, 294 S.E.2d 51 (1981).

Per Curiam:

        David N. Murray, petitioner/defendant below (hereinafter referred to as “Mr. Murray”), seeks a writ of prohibition under the original jurisdiction of this Court. Mr. Murray was indicted by a grand jury in the Circuit Court of Berkeley County on two counts of first degree sexual assault. He then filed a motion with the circuit court seeking to have the indictment dismissed on the grounds of unexcusable delay in prosecution. The respondent, David H. Sanders, Judge of the Circuit Court of Berkeley County, denied the motion to dismiss. Now, Mr. Murray seeks to have this Court prohibit the circuit court from proceeding with the indictment. Based upon the parties' arguments on appeal, the record designated for appellate review, and the pertinent authorities, we deny Mr. Murray's petition for writ of prohibition.

        Mr. Murray subsequently was re-indicted in the May, 2000, term of the circuit court. The second indictment contained the previous charges of two counts of first degree sexual assault and added the word “intentionally,” which was absent from the first indictment. On June 28, 2000, Mr. Murray filed a motion to dismiss the second indictment, asserting that he had not been tried under the first indictment in the February term of the circuit court as contemplated in the “one-term” rule of W. Va. Code § 62-3-1 (2000). The trial court denied the motion. Mr. Murray thereafter filed this petition for writ of prohibition.

        This Court has previously noted that “[p]rohibition lies only to restrain inferior courts from proceeding in causes over which they have no jurisdiction, or, in which, having jurisdiction, they are exceeding their legitimate powers and may not be used as a substitute for writ of error, appeal or certiorari.” Syl. pt. 1, Crawford v. Taylor, 138 W. Va. 207, 75 S.E.2d 370 (1953). See Syl. pt. 2, State ex rel. Peacher v. Sencindiver, 160 W. Va. 314, 233 S.E.2d 425 (1977) (“A writ of prohibition will not issue to prevent a simple abuse of discretion by a trial court. It will only issue where the trial court has no jurisdiction or having such jurisdiction exceeds its legitimate powers. W. Va. Code, 53-1- 1.”).

        Before this Court, the State contends that W. Va. Code § 62-3-1 is not applicable to this case as presented in the petition. The State argues further that dismissal of the February indictment terminated that proceeding. Thus, the subsequent re-indictment in May was not a continuation of the February indictment.See footnote 2 ² We reject the State's limitation of the term “continuation.” This Court has previously acknowledged that a dismissal of an indictment and a subsequent re-indictment constitute a continuance under W. Va. Code § 62-3-1. See State v. Lambert, 175 W. Va. 141, 331 S.E.2d 873 (1985) (per curiam).

        The second issue is whether “good cause” was established for dismissal of the first indictment. In syllabus point 2 of State ex rel. Shorter v. Hey, 170 W. Va. 249, 294 S.E.2d 51 (1981), we held, in part, that “[t]he determination of what is good cause, pursuant to W. Va. Code § 62-3-1, for a continuance of a trial beyond the term of indictment is in the sound discretion of the trial court[.]” The State sought dismissal of the first indictment on the grounds that the indictment was flawed because it failed to state that the crimes were committed “intentionally.” Mr. Murray contends that this excuse was not good cause to dismiss the indictment because the crimes charged involved rape of a minor, and therefore, “intent” was not an element of the offenses.

        During the proceedings below, the trial court found the dismissal was for good cause. To support its decision, the trial court ruled that “[t]he assistant prosecutor felt duty bound to investigate the propriety of the charges in the indictment and thereafter seek re-indictment.” The trial court then concluded that “the assistant prosecuting attorney's actions were not a ruse to deny the Defendant a speedy trial[.]”See footnote 3 ³ This finding by the trial court was consistent with this Court's prior ruling in Syllabus point 4 of Stateex rel. Shorter v. Hey:

            Where the trial court is of the opinion that the state has deliberately or oppressively sought to delay a trial beyond the term of indictment and such delay has resulted in substantial prejudice to the accused, the trial court may, pursuant to W.Va. Code § 62-3-1, finding that no good cause was shown to continue the trial, dismiss the indictment with prejudice, and in so doing the trial court should exercise extreme caution and should dismiss an indictment pursuant to W. Va. Code § 62-3-1, only in furtherance of the prompt administration of justice.

170 W. Va. 249, 294 S.E.2d 51.

No evidence was presented by Mr. Murray to either the trial court, or this Court, to show that the State “deliberately or oppressively,” delayed the prosecution in this case. More importantly, Mr. Murray has not established that the delay caused “substantial prejudice” to his preparation for defending against the indictment.See footnote 4 ⁴

    Finally, the trial court determined that even with the delay in the case, “the trial in this matter was still scheduled within three-terms of the Court.” In State v. Carrico, 189 W. Va. 40, 427 S.E.2d 474 (1993), we explained the difference between the one-term rule of W. Va. Code § 62-3-1 and the three-term rule of W. Va. Code § 62-3-21 (2000)See footnote 5 ⁵ as follows:

        [T]he three-term rule provides that a post-indictment delay cannot be much longer than a year without an act on the defendant's part to extend the term between indictment and trial; the three-term rule operates no matter whether the defendant asks for a trial . . .; the “one-term” rule . . . prevents extreme prejudice against a defendant for delay, for if an event that may cause prejudice is impending and the defendant moves for a trial within one-term of court, the prosecution will need to show a high level of “good cause” to persuade the court to continue the case.

Carrico, 189 W.Va. at 44, 427 S.E.2d at 478 (citations omitted).

        In Carrico the trial court permitted the prosecutor to nolle prosequi the first indictment against the defendant and obtain a second indictment charging the same offenses. After the defendant's conviction he appealed arguing that he was denied a speedy trial. This Court rejected the argument and held that “the prosecution is entitled to re-indict after a nolle prosequi if the prosecution can conduct the trial within the constraints of the three-term rule.” Carrico, 189 W. Va. at 45, 427 S.E.2d at 479.

        Carrico is controlling in the instant proceeding. Whether or not the reason for the dismissal of the first indictment amounted to good cause is discretionary with the trial court. Thus, we are reluctant to disturb the trial court's ruling on this issue because the defendant's trial on the second indictment was set within three-terms of the first indictment.See footnote 6 ⁶ The one-term rule is not a right of constitutional dimension, but rather “provides a personal right to the defendant to be tried more expeditiously than the Constitution requires.” State ex rel. Workman v. Fury, 168 W. Va. 218, 221, 283 S.E.2d 851, 853 (1981). We further explained in Syllabus point 1 of State ex rel. Shorter v. Hey that:

            Whereas W. Va. Code § 62-3-1, provides a defendant with a statutory right to a trial in the term of his indictment, it is W. Va. Code § 62-3-21, rather than W. Va. Code § 62-3-1, which is the legislative adoption or declaration of what ordinarily constitutes a speedy trial within the meaning of U.S. Const., amend. VI and W. Va. Const., art. III, § 14.

170 W. Va. 249, 294 S.E.2d 51.

Consequently, our review of a challenge to a decision under the one-term rule is less stringent than that of a challenge to a three-term rule decision. This Court noted in Good v. Handlan, 176 W. Va. 145, 150, 342 S.E.2d 111, 115 (1986), that when there is a violation of the three-term rule “a trial court is obligated to dismiss the indictment,” but “there is more flexibility in the remedy for a one-term rule violation than for a three-term rule violation.”

                                            Writ Denied .

            Every person charged by presentment or indictment with a felony or misdemeanor, and remanded to a court of competent jurisdiction for trial, shall be forever discharged from prosecution for the offense, if there be three regular terms of such court, after the presentment is made or the indictment is found against him, without a trial, unless the failure to try him was caused by his insanity; or by the witnesses for the State being enticed or kept away, or prevented from attending by sickness or inevitable accident; or by a continuance granted on the motion of the accused; or by reason of his escaping from jail, or failing to appear according to his recognizance, or of the inability of the jury to agree in their verdict.