Ray A. Byrd, Esq.                                        John Preston Bailey, Esq.
John Porco, Esq.                                        Bailey, Riley, Buch & Harman
Schrader, Byrd & Companion                   Wheeling, West Virginia
Wheeling, West Virginia                           Attorney for Appellants
Attorneys for Appellee

JUSTICE STARCHER delivered the Opinion of the Court.

JUSTICE MAYNARD dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion.

JUSTICE ALBRIGHT concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion.

JUSTICE BENJAMIN dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion.

            1.      “A circuit court's entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.” Syllabus Point 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W.Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994).

            2. An attorney fee payment arrangement whereby the attorney receives a percentage of funds as they are periodically received by the attorney's client is not, as such, either suspect or impermissible. Factors to be considered in determining an attorney's entitlement to receive fees in such a fashion include: (1) the terms of the fee agreement between the attorney and the client; and (2) whether, when viewed in the context of the entire representation of the client by the attorney, the fees are fair and reasonable.

Starcher, J.:

            In this case from the Circuit Court of Ohio County, we uphold the circuit court's conclusion that a law firm's fee payment arrangement with its clients is fair, reasonable, and consistent with the original retainer agreement.

I.
Facts & Background
A.
Introduction

            The instant case involves a declaratory judgment action filed in 2004 by the law firm of Schrader, Byrd and Companion, PLLC (“SBC”), the plaintiff below and the appellee before this Court. SBC asked the Circuit Court of Ohio County to determine the legal propriety of an attorney fee payment agreement that SBC made in 1998 with two of SBC's clients, Josephine Luther and Mary Catherine Marks (Ms. Marks is now deceased).      

 

       The declaratory judgment action filed by SBC named Ms. Luther and the heirs of Ms. Marks as defendants. The defendants, who are the appellants before this Court, filed a response asserting that the fee payment agreement was improper and should not be enforced. On December 13, 2005, the circuit court granted SBC's motion for summary judgment, ruling that the fee payment agreement was not improper.

            The fee payments in question arose from litigation in which SBC, on behalf of Ms. Luther and Ms. Marks, filed a lawsuit in 1988, challenging the validity of a coal mining lease on mineral property in Boone County, West Virginia. Ms. Luther and Ms. Marks each held a one-quarter interest in the property; their two brothers also each held a one-quarter interest. Ms. Luther and Ms. Marks and their brothers apparently acquired their interests from their father, Garner Williams. We will refer to the legal challenge to the coal mining lease that was brought by SBC on behalf of Ms. Luther and the late Ms. Marks as the “Garner Williams litigation.” (See footnote 1)

            The fee payment agreement in part called for SBC to receive, on an ongoing basis, thirty percent of an increase in coal royalties from mining on the Boone County property, as mining was conducted and the increased royalties were paid to the appellants. SBC negotiated the increased royalties as part of the settlement of the Garner Williams litigation. After paying the percentage-of-increased-royalties fees to SBC for several years, the appellants questioned the propriety of continuing to make payments to SBC. SBC then filed the 2004 lawsuit that underlies the instant appeal to this Court.

 

B.
The Garner Williams Litigation

            As previously noted, SBC's clients and their two brothers each owned an undivided one-fourth interest in Boone County mineral property. Laxare Coal Company (“Laxare”) first leased the property in 1966; this lease was replaced by a lease dated July 1, 1968. The details of the 1968 lease, and specifically the reasons why it was later claimed to be invalid as to the two sisters, are not clear from the briefs _ but it appears that the two brothers may have “signed for” their sisters in some fashion.

            In 1974, Laxare subleased the property to Cannelton Coal Company (“Cannelton”), and Laxare and/or Cannelton mined the Boone County mineral property beginning as early as 1974. Cannelton constructed a multi-million dollar preparation plant on the property. Beginning in 1968, Laxare paid Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther (apparently through their brothers) a portion of the royalty and other fees due under the 1968 lease.

             In 1988, SBC filed suit for Ms. Luther and Ms. Marks in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County against Laxare and Cannelton, claiming that the 1968 lease was invalid as to Ms. Luther and Ms. Marks. Laxare and Cannelton resisted Ms. Marks' and Ms. Luther's claims against them, primarily on the basis of laches and/or estoppel.

             Laxare and Cannelton argued that Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther should pursue claims against their brothers, because the brothers allegedly failed to pay them their proportionate share of the royalties and fees under the 1968 lease. Laxare and Cannelton also argued that the brothers gave written assurances that Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther consented to the 1968 lease.

            In 1995, Laxare filed for bankruptcy. In 1996, the bankruptcy court entered an order permitting Laxare to continue mining under the 1968 lease, on the condition that Laxare provided adequate financial protection to Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther (if it was later determined that Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther were not bound by the lease). Laxare agreed to deposit amounts over and above the royalties and fees set forth in the 1968 lease into an escrow account, pending a final determination as to whether Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther were bound by the lease.

            At this stage in the litigation, it became clear that Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther would be bound either under the 1968 lease or under a new lease approved by the bankruptcy court. Even though the bankruptcy court had remanded Ms. Marks' and Ms. Luther's claims against Laxare back to the Circuit Court of Kanawha County, it also became clear that any damages assessed against Laxare might be discharged in bankruptcy, and in any event would be subject to the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy court strongly urged the parties to settle their differences, because the significant possibility existed that Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther would recover nothing from Laxare.

            The case was further complicated by the fact that in 1994 Cannelton had abandoned its 1974 sublease with Laxare, and terminated all mining at the Boone County mineral property. As a result, Laxare asserted a damages claim against Cannelton in the Garner Williams litigation, alleging premature termination of the 1974 sublease.    

 

        The confluence of these complex facts and claims, plus the bankruptcy court's strong urging that the parties settle their differences, caused the parties in the Garner Williams litigation to begin discussing settlement in earnest. SBC, Ms. Marks, and Ms. Luther recognized that if Laxare and Cannelton prevailed on their laches and/or estoppel defenses, the possibility existed that Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther would recover nothing from Laxare, and Cannelton and could only recover from their brothers, who had no meaningful assets.

            In 1998, after nearly ten years of litigation, the parties reached a final settlement agreement in which Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther agreed to compromise their original claims against Laxare and Cannelton. These claims amounted to $15-50 million dollars in actual damages, and possibly $59 million to in excess of $200 million in damages _ if there were a finding of intentional trespass.

            In exchange for Laxare and Cannelton abandoning their defenses of laches and/or estoppel and agreeing that the 1968 lease did not bind Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther, Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther agreed to accept a lump sum payment of $3.5 million, plus the execution of a new lease and side letter agreement beneficial to Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther. The new lease and side letter agreement gave Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther substantially increased royalty amounts over and above those set forth in the 1968 lease. Their two brothers and their families, however, are still bound by the 1968 lease. The new lease increased the sisters' guaranteed minimum royalty from $6,000.00 per year to $30,000.00 per year, and increased the production royalty from a flat 12.5¢ per ton to a minimum of $1.50 per ton, or a percentage of the gross sale price, whichever is higher. A side agreement provided for certain additional per-ton wheelage and preparation plant payments to the sisters. (See footnote 2)

C.
Attorney Fees
           

      SBC's 1988 written retainer agreement with its clients provides that Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther retained SBC “to prosecute a claim against . . . Laxare, Inc. and Cannelton Industries, Inc. and any other person . . . that may be liable for, or on account of, loss of income and other damages sustained by [Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther] as a result of the wrongful and improper mining of mineral property situate in Boone County . . . . [and that Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther] agree to pay [SBC] 30% of the amount collected by any such settlement in each such action.”    

        In 2004, at the time of settlement, SBC received one-third of the $3.5 million dollars that Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther received, or $1,050,000.00. SBC had spent approximately 4,062.45 lawyer hours and 920.35 paralegal hours on the Garner Williams litigation. SBC's work included litigation in the Circuit Courts of Boone and Kanawha Counties, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, and two appeals to this Court. Pro-rated over the life of the litigation, SBC received roughly $250.00 per hour for its attorney time and $100.00 per hour for its paralegal time. These figures are well within the standard hourly non-contingent rates for firms of SBC's caliber, even without consideration of the contingent nature of the fee in question.

            At the time of the final settlement discussions and shortly before the execution of the final settlement papers, SBC discussed in detail with its clients (or their representatives) how SBC proposed to calculate and collect its fee. These discussions were memorialized in two documents that are part of the record: a letter sent to the clients outlining the settlement in detail; and a contemporaneous time record entry by an SBC attorney. 

            First, a letter from SBC attorney Ray Byrd to Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther, dated March 31, 1998 states in part:
                 This is to confirm and follow-up on our telephone conversation of March 30 in regard to the computation of our fee due under the December 20, 1988 contingent fee contract as a result of the global settlement with all parties involved in the Garner Williams litigation.

                 If you will recall, under the December 20, 1988 contingent fee contract, we are entitled to a contingent fee of thirty percent (30%) on any settlement effected after the initiation of the lawsuit but made prior to any trial or trials.

***

                 An integral part of our settlement with Cannelton and Laxare was accomplished by agreeing to a new lease for your one-half interest in the property with Laxare, which has been subleased to Boone East Development, and a Licensing Agreement with Cannelton in connection with the preparation plant. Under the new lease, your share of the minimum royalty has been increased from Six Thousand Dollars ($6,000.00) per year to Thirty Thousand Dollars ($30,000.00) per year, or an increase of Twenty-Four Thousand Dollars ($24,000.00) per year as long as the lease remains in effect. [Details of tonnage royalties].

***

                 All of these amounts are speculative and we do not know what amount of actual dollars you may receive by virtue of these new agreements. Therefore, during our conversation on March 30, we concluded that the best way to handle these amounts would be to do so on the basis that our thirty percent (30%) contingent fee would be due and payable when these amounts are actually received.


              Second, a time entry of Ray A. Byrd of SBC for March 30, 1998 states:

                Telephone conference with Bill Luther and Kitty Marks regarding contingent fee contract; preparation of a statement and attempting to get instructions for wire transfer of funds for the closing on Friday; all parties agree that the increases negotiated in connection with tonnage royalty, annual minimums, wheelage or processing fees cannot be projected with any accuracy and any fees due on those amounts will be paid on an annual basis as received; continued to work on documents and review of matters for closing on Friday.

            No evidence has been proffered showing that at the time of settlement either of the sisters or their representatives expressed any reservations about paying SBC 30% of the increase in future coal royalties that was gained as a result of the litigation settlement.

             One of SBC's clients, Ms. Luther, did submit an affidavit in response to SBC's motion for summary judgment. However, her affidavit does not specify what her understanding was in 1988, when she entered into the representation agreement; or in 1998, at the time of the settlement agreement. In the affidavit, Ms. Luther indicates that she relied on her husband to deal with SBC; and that in 1998 her husband did not express any objection to SBC's receiving a percentage of the increase in future royalties, because he accepted SBC's representation that such payments were consistent with the original retainer agreement.

            Thirty percent of the increase in royalties agreed to as part of the settlement has been paid on an ongoing basis to SBC since 1998, as coal has been mined from the property. From April 1998 through September 15, 2004, Ms. Luther and/or Ms. Marks and/or her heirs paid to SBC approximately $83,761.53. Since the Garner Williams litigation settled on April 3, 1998, SBC has additionally spent approximately 152.35 lawyer hours and 51.55 paralegal hours on issues related to the Garner Williams litigation.

            In granting SBC's motion for summary judgment, the circuit court found that SBC's attorneys' fees, in the form of a percentage of the increase in ongoing royalties, are “not excessive,” and that SBC “has shown the reasonableness and fairness of the contract for attorneys' fees.” The circuit court found that “the average hourly rates calculated to be $260.00 per hour for lawyers and $100.00 per hour for paralegals [are not] excessive for the skill and labor required in this case.” The circuit court also found that “the instant case had a significant degree of risk. The chance that plaintiff would not prevail was very real . . . . Even after the settlement, the value of the recovery and the fee were uncertain because it was contingent on the price of coal, whether anyone would mine it, and the amount of usage that would take place.” The circuit court found that there was no second or separate attorney fee contract at the time of settlement, nor was there a modification of the original contingency fee contract. Rather, the court concluded, the payment of attorney fees from the ongoing future royalties was consistent with the original fee agreement.
                  

II.
Standard of Review

            We review a circuit court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Syllabus Point 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W.Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994).

III.
Discussion

            The appellants challenge the circuit court's decision with the following succinct argument: “Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther did not intend to make the law firm a 30% owner of the property, a partner in their business, or a member of the family.” In other words, the appellants argue that a fee payment arrangement whereby SBC receives a percentage of the appellants' increased coal royalties, as they are earned, improperly places SBC in the status of a co-owner of the Boone County mineral property.

            The appellants also argue that circuit court erred in granting SBC's motion for summary judgment because there were genuine issues of material fact: (1) as to whether the future royalty agreement fell within the ambit of the original contingent fee agreement, or was a modification of that agreement; and (2), if it was a modification, whether SBC provided sufficient disclosure to its clients in connection with the modification; and (3), whether SBC's fees from future royalties are reasonable or excessive.

            SBC counters and says that having its fees paid from future royalty revenue is not impermissible. SBC denies that such an arrangement gives SBC the status of a family member, co-owner of the property, or business partner with the appellants.

            Our research indicates that fee payment arrangements whereby the attorney receives a portion of future income to the client do not inherently create an impermissible relationship or entanglement between the attorney and client. See Shiya v. National Committee of Gibran, 381 F.2d 602, 607-608 (2d Cir. 1967) (“[t]he prize sought in the litigation . . . was the full fruits of the renewal copyrights . . . . The subject of the litigation was all the renewal royalties, not simply those 'frozen' at the termination of the [litigation];” affirming judgment that contingent fee applied to future royalties).

            As one commentator has stated:

                 Where an attorney's efforts result in the client becoming entitled to future payments, such as periodic payments under a disability policy or future royalties, courts have held that under the particular fee agreement at issue the attorney was entitled to his contingency percentage on such future payments in addition to a percentage of any current sum recovered.

Robert L. Rossi, Attorneys' Fees, Sec. 2:11 (citing cases), West Publications 2002. See also Cardenas v. Ramsey County, 322 N.W.2d 191 (Minn. 1982) (attorney entitled to receive one- third of each payment received by his client under settlement as and when client receives it); see also Rosenfeld, Meyer & Susman v. Cohen, 191 Cal.App.3d 1035, ___, 237 Cal.Rptr.14, 19 (1987) (fees are calculated as a share of clients' future income on entertainment projects negotiated by the law firm); see also Waugh v. Q. & C. Co., 16 F.2d 363 (7^th Cir. 1926) (attorney was entitled to receive percentage of future royalties received as a result of settlement of patent litigation). (See footnote 3)

            Based on the foregoing discussion, we hold that an attorney fee payment arrangement whereby the attorney receives a percentage of funds as they are periodically received by the attorney's client is not, as such, either suspect or impermissible. Factors to be considered in determining an attorney's entitlement to receive fees in such a fashion include: (1) the terms of the fee agreement between the attorney and the client; and (2) whether, when viewed in the context of the entire representation of the client by the attorney, the fees are fair and reasonable. Applying this test in the instant case, we conclude that the circuit court did not err in concluding that the fees-from-future-royalties arrangement was not per se impermissible.

            We also cannot agree with the appellants that summary judgment was improper in the instant case. Whether the fees-from-future-royalties arrangement was or was not a modification of the original retainer agreement, and whether the fees in question are reasonable or excessive, are not disputed factual issues. The facts of the instant case are essentially undisputed, and the dispositive questions are the legal characterizations of the fees-from-future-royalties payment arrangement.

            Looking to those undisputed facts, and specifically to the relevant documents, the 1998 lease document recites that it is “part of the complete compromise and settlement of all claims by Marks, Luther, Laxare and Cannelton.” Clearly, then, the increase in future royalty payments is properly characterized as an integral part of the 1998 settlement.

            Additionally, the original retainer agreement said that SBC's fee would be “30% of the amount collected” as the result of a settlement. The agreement did not say “collected and paid at the time of settlement.” Thus, the retainer agreement did not preclude an arrangement whereby a portion of the fee would be paid from money resulting from the settlement, but collected at a future time. The fees-from-future-royalties agreement is entirely consistent with the original fee agreement.

            Our review of the history of the Garner Williams litigation leads us to conclude that the circuit court did not err in finding that the portion-of-fees-from-future-royalties arrangement is consistent and congruent with the understanding and objectives of both SBC and its clients before the litigation began, and in concluding that there was no substantive modification of the original fee agreement. (See footnote 4)

            As to the amount of fees received so far by SBC, the circuit court found that the fees have been reasonable, and we agree. As to the amount of fees possibly to be collected in the future by SBC, the appellants argue that the amount could at some time in the future be so “huge” as to be facially outrageous. However, the appellants did not and do not support this speculation with any evidence _ and consequently, this argument is without merit. (See footnote 5)
      

IV.
Conclusion

            We conclude that the circuit court did not err in granting summary judgment for SBC. The circuit court's order is affirmed.

Affirmed.

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Footnote: 1

      The record before this Court is sketchy regarding many aspects of the Garner Williams litigation. The record contains SBC's billing records and a few documents relating to the settlement of that litigation that SBC attached to its motion for summary judgment, and a brief affidavit from Ms. Luther. The appellees did not file an affidavit pursuant to West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 56(f), arguing that further discovery was needed before taking up SBC's motion. Some of the factual details about the the conduct and settlement of the Garner Williams litigation that are set forth in Part II.B. of this opinion are taken from the assertions of SBC in its appellate brief and cannot be verified from the record on appeal. These factual assertions are consistent with the limited record on appeal and have not been challenged by the appellants in their appellate briefs; nor did the appellants assert contrary facts before the circuit court; hence we treat them as accurate for purposes of our discussion. However, we note that the Court's decision in the instant case does not turn on any particular detail of how the litigation went forward, or how the settlement came to occur.

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Footnote: 2

      In addition, Laxare entered into new leasing arrangements with Boone East Development for all of Laxare's mineral properties. The bankruptcy court approved and authorized these leasing arrangements with Boone East Development. Boone East Development's assumption of the 1968 lease was contingent upon a court finding that the lease was valid as to all ownership interests in the property and/or Laxare providing adequate protection for Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther if the court later determined that the lease was invalid as to them. Simply put, Boone East Development was prepared to proceed with or without a new lease, with Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther and was authorized to do so by the bankruptcy court. The negotiation of the new lease as part of the settlement gave Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther an opportunity to negotiate its terms, as opposed to having the bankruptcy court set the terms. However, before being able to negotiate those terms themselves, Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther had to first prevail on the issue of the validity of the 1968 lease. As part of the settlement, Laxare, Cannelton and Boone East Development agreed that Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther were not bound by the lease dated July 1, 1968.

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Footnote: 3

      Moreover, the fact that an attorney has a right to a percentage of a settlement does not make the attorney a cotenant of the cause of action. See Commissioner v. Banks, 543 U.S. 426, 125 S.Ct. 826, 160 L.Ed.2d 859 (2005) (holding that the entirety of litigation settlement proceeds was taxable income to client, not net after payment of attorney fees).

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Footnote: 4

      That being the case, it is not necessary to decide whether SBC “fully informed” their clients about the details of a proposed modification of the fee agreement, and gave their clients an opportunity to reject SBC's proposal for modification.
      The appellants also argue that the circuit court should have applied Syllabus Point 2 of Committee on Legal Ethics v. Tatterson, 177 W.Va. 356, 352 S.E.2d 107 (1986) to hold that the fees-from-royalties arrangement was improper. Syllabus Point 2 of Tatterson states:
                If an attorney's fee is grossly disproportionate to the services rendered and is charged to a client who lacks full information about all of the relevant circumstances, the fee is “clearly excessive” within the meaning of Disciplinary Rule 2-106(A), even though the client has consented to such fee. The burden of proof is upon the attorney to show the reasonableness and fairness of the contract for the attorney's fee.
      In the instant case, the circuit court concluded that the challenged fee payment arrangement did not result in a fee for SBC in the Garner Williams litigation that is grossly disproportionate to the services rendered by SBC. The appellants offered expert opinion that the per-hour calculated compensation for the time spent by SBC after the settlement agreement was signed was excessive. But that opinion misses the point _ that SBC's post- settlement percentage-of-royalty fees are part of SBC's compensation for its work in the entire Garner Williams litigation, and not a separate fee for post-settlement work. We find no error in the circuit court's analysis.

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Footnote: 5

      The appellants were free to tell the circuit court, for example, the range of estimated recoverable tons of coal remaining to be mined on the property. From such figures, the appellants (perhaps) could have made the argument that SBC's fee might become outrageously high at some point in the future. But the appellants did not do so. The circuit court did not rule out the possibility that at sometime in the future the fees-from-royalties payments could conceivably be so high as to be impermissible; nor do we address that issue, having no basis upon which to ground such a discussion. The appellants point out that the new lease and side letter agreement that were agreed to as part of the settlement are at market rate, and therefore can be seen as including no payment for “past” damages to the appellants. However, the issue is not whether the new lease and side letter agreement are at market rate, but whether SBC successfully removed Ms. Marks and Ms. Luther from the less favorable terms of the 1968 lease and placed them into a lease and agreement with more favorable terms. Moreover, Ms. Marks' and Ms. Luther's agreement to accept a reduced lump sum payment plus a new lease caused SBC to forego possibly collecting 30% of $15-50 million dollars in damages (and possibly 30% of $59 million to in excess of $200 million in damages, depending upon a finding of intentional trespass and treble damages) under the contingency fee contract.