Robert C. Stone, Jr., Esq.                                                                Pamela Jean Games-Neely, Esq.
Martinsburg, West Virginia                                                              Prosecuting Attorney
Attorney for Petitioner                                                                     Berkeley County
                                                                                                      Christopher C. Quasebarth, Esq.
                                                                                                      Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
                                                                                                      Berkeley County
                                                                                                      Martinsburg, West Virginia
                                                                                                      Attorneys for Respondents                         

JUDGE FRED RISOVICH, II, sitting by temporary assignment, delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE MAYNARD concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion. 
JUSTICE SCOTT did not participate in the decision of the Court.

        2.    “In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of prohibition for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only where it is claimed that the lower tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1) whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower tribunal's order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4) whether the lower tribunal's order is an oft repeated error or manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal's order raises new and important problems or issues of law of first impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law, should be given substantial weight.” Syl. Pt. 4, State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W.Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996).    

        3.    “A writ of prohibition is available to correct a clear legal error resulting from a trial court's substantial abuse of its discretion in regard to discovery orders.” Syl. Pt. 1, State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Stephens, 188 W.Va. 622, 425 S.E.2d 577 (1992).

        4.    “Where the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of review.” Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W.Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995).

        5.    “The Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination is not limited to the context of criminal trials but can be claimed in any proceeding, whether it is criminal or civil, administrative or judicial, investigatory or adjudicatory.” Syl. Pt. 1, State ex rel. Osburn v. Cole, 173 W.Va. 596, 319 S.E.2d 364 (1983).

        6.    “Neither the statutory limitation created by W.Va. Code, 57-2-3 [1965], nor a protective order under Rule 26(c) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, provide the 'use immunity' protection that permits a court to require a person to answer questions in civil discovery, over a constitutional objection based on the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, where the answers to the questions my be self-incriminating.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. Wright v. Stucky, ___ W.Va. ___, 517 S.E.2d 36 (1999).

        7.    “Because the purpose of an abuse and neglect proceeding is remedial, where the parent or guardian fails to respond to probative evidence offered against him/her during the course of an abuse and neglect proceeding, a lower court may properly consider that individual's silence as affirmative evidence of that individual's culpability.” Syl. Pt. 2, West Virginia Dep't of Health and Human Resources ex rel. Wright v. Doris S., 197 W.Va. 489, 475 S.E.2d 865 (1996).
        
        8.    “A trial court is permitted broad discretion in the control and management of discovery, and it is only for an abuse of discretion amounting to an injustice that we will interfere with the exercise of that discretion.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, B.F. Specialty Co. v. Charles M. Sledd Co., 197 W.Va. 463, 475 S.E.2d 555 (1996).

        9.    A habeas corpus petitioner may invoke the privilege against self- incrimination, as found in the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, in response to a deposition question in a civil habeas corpus proceeding. However, the trial court may properly draw an adverse inference from the habeas corpus petitioner's silence pursuant to the privilege.

RISOVICH, Judge:

        Petitioner, Stanley M. Myers (hereinafter “Petitioner”), filed this writ of prohibition seeking to prohibit the enforcement of an order entered on April 14, 1999, by Judge David H. Sanders of the Circuit Court of Berkeley County, regarding Petitioner's assertion of his Fifth Amendment privilege in a habeas corpus deposition. In his order, Judge Sanders states that “this Court holds that the petitioner may assert the privilege against self- incrimination; however, the Court may draw adverse inferences from the invocation of the privilege.” Petitioner asserts that Judge Sanders' ruling is an abuse of discretion.See footnote 1 ¹ Respondent, the Honorable David H. Sanders, Judge (hereinafter “Respondent”), contends that the circuit court did not err by ruling Petitioner could make Fifth Amendment objections during his deposition upon an articulated basis and that adverse inferences could properly be drawn from such assertion. Because we find that the circuit court did not err in its ruling, we deny Petitioner's petition for a writ of prohibition.

        On March 3, 1999, Petitioner was deposed by assistant prosecuting attorney Christopher Quasebarth for four and half hours. Petitioner alleges that the prosecuting attorney substantially deviated from the facts and allegations raised in the petition for habeas corpus, that he propounded questions in an attempt to have the Petitioner waive his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and that he delved into irrelevant issues. Accordingly, a motion to compel was filed by the respondent in the habeas proceeding and Petitioner filed a motion for a protective order. Judge Sanders did not rule on Petitioner's motion for a protective order; however, he did grant the motion to compel on April 14, 1999. In granting the motion to compel, Judge Sanders ruled that Petitioner could not refuse to answer questions on the basis of relevancy objections and that Petitioner must articulate a basis on the record for any privilege asserted. Judge Sanders also ruled that Petitioner “may assert the privilege against self-incrimination; however, the Court may draw adverse inferences from the invocation of the privilege.” It is from this order that Petitioner seeks a writ of prohibition.

        In syllabus point four of State ex rel. Hoover v. Berger, 199 W.Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996), we set forth the applicable standard for determining whether to grant a writ of prohibition in cases when a petitioner asserts that the circuit court has exceeded its legitimate powers:

            In determining whether to entertain and issue the writ of prohibition for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only where it is claimed that the lower tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court will examine five factors: (1) whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner will be damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the lower tribunal's order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4) whether the lower tribunal's order is an oft repeated error or manifests persistent disregard for either procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal's order raises new and important problems or issues of law of first impression. These factors are general guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be satisfied, it is clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law, should be given substantial weight.

Id. In addition, we have held that “[a] writ of prohibition is available to correct a clear legal error resulting from a trial court's substantial abuse of its discretion in regard to discovery orders.” Syl. Pt. 1, State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Stephens, 188 W.Va. 622, 425 S.E.2d 577 (1992).

        This case presents a purely legal question for review. Accordingly, the following standard of review applies: “Where the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of review.” Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L., 194 W.Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995).

        The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution prohibit the compelling of self-incriminating testimony in criminal cases. In syllabus point one of State ex rel. Osburn v. Cole, 173 W.Va. 596, 319 S.E.2d 364 (1983) we extended this Fifth Amendment right: “The Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination is not limited to the context of criminal trials but can be claimed in any proceeding, whether it is criminal or civil, administrative or judicial, investigatory or adjudicatory.” The extraordinary remedy of habeas corpus is a civil, as opposed to criminal proceeding. West Virginia Code § 53-4A-1(a) (1994) provides, in part,

that “[a]ll proceedings [for post-conviction habeas corpus relief] in accordance with this article shall be civil in character and shall under no circumstances be regarded as criminal proceedings or a criminal case.” See also State ex rel. Harrison v. Coiner, 154 W.Va. 467, 476, 176 S.E.2d 677, 682 (1970) (“Habeas corpus proceedings are civil proceedings.”).See footnote 2 ²

        We recently addressed whether or not alleged assailants could be prohibited by a trial court from refusing to answer deposition questions, based on the Fifth Amendment, in a civil personal injury proceeding for damages, despite the pendency of a criminal case arising from the same assault. The assailants' concern, of course, was that their answers could be used against them in the criminal case. In syllabus point two of State ex rel. Wright v. Stucky, ___ W.Va. ___, 517 S.E.2d 36 (1999), we held that:

            Neither the statutory limitation created by W.Va. Code, 57-2-3 [1965], nor a protective order under Rule 26(c) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, provide the “use immunity” protection that permits a court to require a person to answer questions in civil discovery, over a constitutional objection based on the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, where the answers to the questions my be self- incriminating.

        In Stucky, we found that the circuit court could not order the alleged assailants to give answers to deposition questions over their “bona fide assertion of the constitutional right to remain silent about information that might tend to be self-incriminating.” Id. at ___, 517 S.E.2d at 40-41. However, in footnote seven of Stucky, we explained that “[t]he balancing of the self-incrimination right vis-a-vis other rights in civil proceedings is a complex area of jurisprudence.” Id. at ___, n.7, 517 S.E.2d at 41, n.7. Specifically, we observed “that in some circumstances, a party may permissibly be required to risk adverse consequences in civil proceedings, as a result of their silence based on the assertion of their right against compelled self-incrimination.” Id.

        In abuse and neglect cases, a parent's invocation of the Fifth Amendment during testimony opens the door for the trial court to draw an adverse inference from that silence. In syllabus point two of West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources ex rel. Wright v. Doris S., 197 W.Va. 489, 475 S.E.2d 865 (1996), we held that:

            Because the purpose of an abuse and neglect proceeding is remedial, where the parent or guardian fails to respond to probative evidence offered against him/her during the course of an abuse and neglect proceeding, a lower court may properly consider that individual's silence as affirmative evidence of that individual's culpability.

Id. at 492, 475 S.E.2d at 868. We further explained that “the prevailing rule [is] that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties to civil actions when they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence offered against them: the Amendment does not preclude the inference where the privilege is claimed by a party to civil cause.” Doris S., 197 W.Va. at 498, 475 S.E.2d at 874, quoting Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 (1976).

        In the instant case, the issue is not silence in the face of criminal accusations, but silence by Petitioner in a civil action in response to discovery deposition questions propounded to him. All phases of the deposition examination are subject to the sound discretion of the court, which can make any orders necessary to prevent the abuse of the discovery and deposition process. “A trial court is permitted broad discretion in the control and management of discovery, and it is only for an abuse of discretion amounting to an injustice that we will interfere with the exercise of that discretion.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, B.F. Specialty Co. v. Charles M. Sledd Co., 197 W.Va. 463, 475 S.E.2d 555 (1996). Because of this broad discretion, we are generally quite hesitant to interfere in a trial court's decisions regarding discovery issues.

        Footnote seven of Stucky, supra, implies that an adverse inference can be properly drawn from a party's invocation of the Fifth Amendment in response to a deposition question in a civil habeas corpus proceeding. This particular issue has been decided by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California in Bean v. Calderon, 166 F.R.D. 452 (E.D. Cal. 1996). In Bean, the habeas corpus petitioner was willing to be deposed “as long as the questions asked directly related to the allegations in the petition, and petitioner could invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege as he saw fit without any adverse inference being drawn on account of its invocation.” Id. at 453.See footnote 3 ³ The petitioner argued that if his habeas corpus petition was granted, a criminal retrial would be necessary and he, therefore, should not be forced to waive his Fifth Amendment privilege, which was the practical effect of allowing the court to draw an adverse inference from his silence. Id. at 454.See footnote 4 ⁴

        In Bean, the federal district court found that the petitioner's argument was flawed and held that the state was entitled to depose the petitioner subject to his right to invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege, but an adverse inference could be drawn from the invocation of that privilege. The federal district court stated that “[f]or the most part, the cherished, constitutional protections of criminal procedure, and the issue here concerns the invocation of a constitutional protection, have no application in habeas corpus proceedings.” Bean, 166 F.R.D. at 454.

        We recognize that habeas proceedings are in fact often the only place that certain alleged errors in a criminal trial are raised, and thus, though nominally civil, they have important criminal law components. It is decidedly not appropriate for a prosecutor or a petitioner in a habeas corpus proceeding to try to misuse any permissible discovery process related to a habeas proceeding to inquire beyond the issues and allegations raised in the habeas petition, or to seek evidence that could be readily obtained from other sources without the discovery process. Similarly, any adverse inferences permissible drawn by the circuit court in a habeas corpus proceeding from a petitioner's or other witness' silence must be relevant to issues raised in the petition.

        In the case before us, Petitioner's sworn testimony in his verified habeas corpus petition is that he would have testified at trial but for his trial counsel's failure to properly prepare him to do so and that his trial counsel failed to object to certain trail testimony regarding unspecified collateral crimes. Clearly, it is improper for Petitioner to raise these verified, factual assertions and then be able to hide behind the Fifth Amendment, with no adverse impact. In some circumstances a party may permissibly be required to risk adverse consequences in civil proceedings as a result of his or her silence based on the assertion of the right against compelled self-incrimination. Accordingly, we hold that a habeas corpus petitioner may invoke the privilege against self-incrimination, as found in the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, in response to a deposition question in a civil habeas corpus proceeding. However, the trial court may properly draw an adverse inference from the habeas corpus petitioner's silence pursuant to the privilege.

                                            Writ denied.